Question 1

Which of the following best describes the process of gluconeogenesis?

Accepted Answer

The synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors such as amino acids and glycerol

Question 2

During aerobic respiration, what is the net gain of ATP molecules from one molecule of glucose?

Accepted Answer

36-38 ATP

Question 3

Which of the following statements about the ascending and descending limbs of the Loop of Henle is correct?

Accepted Answer

The ascending limb is impermeable to water and actively transports Na\^+, K\^+, and Cl\^-

Question 4

Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the collecting duct by increasing the number of aquaporins?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 5

A patient presents with rapid breathing and a blood pH of 7.48. Which acid-base disorder is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory alkalosis

Question 6

Which of the following is a major cation in the intracellular fluid (ICF)?

Accepted Answer

K\^+

Question 7

Which process is responsible for the breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol?

Accepted Answer

Lipolysis

Question 8

The liver plays a central role in metabolism. Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?

Accepted Answer

Production of urine

Question 9

Which equation best represents the chemical buffering of acids in the blood?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{CO_2$ + H_2O \leftrightarrow H_2CO_3 \leftrightarrow H^+ + $$HCO_3$$^-}$$

Question 10

Which of the following is a cause of metabolic acidosis?

Accepted Answer

Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (ketoacidosis)

Question 11

If a person loses water through sweating, what happens to the osmolality of their extracellular fluid (ECF)?

Accepted Answer

Osmolality increases

Question 12

Which structure in the nephron is primarily responsible for reabsorbing glucose, amino acids, and most ions?

Accepted Answer

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

Question 13

Which of the following macromolecules yields the highest number of calories per gram?

Accepted Answer

Fats

Question 14

Aldosterone acts on which part of the nephron to increase sodium reabsorption?

Accepted Answer

Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting duct

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of the vasa recta in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Maintaining the osmotic gradient in the medulla

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the difference between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons?

Accepted Answer

Juxtamedullary nephrons have longer loops of Henle that extend deep into the medulla

Question 17

Which of the following is a major anion in the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

Accepted Answer

Cl\^-

Question 18

Which organ is primarily responsible for regulating acid-base balance by excreting or retaining hydrogen ions?

Accepted Answer

Kidneys

Question 19

Which of the following scenarios would most likely trigger the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

Accepted Answer

An increase in blood osmolality

Question 20

A patient with chronic kidney disease is unable to excrete sufficient hydrogen ions. What acid-base disorder is most likely to develop?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis

Chapters 24–26: Metabolism, Urinary System, and Fluid/Acid-Base Balance – Study Guide

Study Guide - Practice Questions