Question 1

Which of the following best describes the path of blood flow through the kidney, starting from the renal artery?

Accepted Answer

Renal artery → Segmental artery → Interlobar artery → Arcuate artery → Cortical radiate artery → Afferent arteriole → Glomerulus → Efferent arteriole → Peritubular capillaries/vasa recta

Question 2

A patient presents with glucose in their urine (glucosuria). Which of the following best explains this finding?

Accepted Answer

The proximal convoluted tubule is unable to reabsorb all filtered glucose due to high plasma glucose concentration.

Question 3

Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing water reabsorption in the collecting ducts, and what is the main stimulus for its release?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); high blood osmolarity

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the difference between the descending and ascending limbs of the nephron loop?

Accepted Answer

The descending limb is permeable to water but impermeable to solutes; the ascending limb is impermeable to water but permeable to solutes.

Question 5

A patient with chronic respiratory disease has a blood pH of 7.28 and elevated $$\mathrm{P_{CO_2$}}. $$Which acid-base disorder is present, and what is the expected renal compensation?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory acidosis; kidneys excrete more $$\mathrm{H^+}$$ and reabsorb more $$\mathrm{$$HCO_3$$^-}$$

Question 6

Which of the following is a function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)?

Accepted Answer

Regulates the rate of filtrate formation and blood pressure by releasing renin

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the effect of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Decreases sodium reabsorption, increasing urine output

Question 8

A patient is found to have a pH of 7.50, low $$\mathrm{P_{CO_2$}}$$, and normal $$\mathrm{$$HCO_3$$^-}. $$Which acid-base disorder is present, and what is the likely cause?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory alkalosis; hyperventilation

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why males typically have greater muscle and bone mass than females?

Accepted Answer

Higher levels of testosterone increase protein synthesis and bone density

Question 10

During the female reproductive cycle, which hormone surge triggers ovulation, and on which day of a typical 28-day cycle does this usually occur?

Accepted Answer

LH surge; day 14

Question 11

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events during fertilization and early embryonic development?

Accepted Answer

Ovulation → Fertilization → Cleavage → Morula → Blastocyst → Implantation

Question 12

Which of the following buffer systems is most important for regulating pH in the blood plasma?

Accepted Answer

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

Question 13

A patient with severe diarrhea is losing large amounts of bicarbonate ($$\mathrm{$$HCO_3$$^-}). $$What acid-base disorder is most likely to develop, and how will the body compensate?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis; hyperventilation to decrease $$\mathrm{CO_2$}$$

Question 14

Which of the following structures is responsible for producing testosterone in the male reproductive system?

Accepted Answer

Interstitial (Leydig) cells

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of the corpus luteum in the female reproductive cycle?

Accepted Answer

It produces estrogen and progesterone to maintain the endometrium for possible implantation.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct pairing of hormone and its effect on the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone: increases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the composition of normal urine?

Accepted Answer

Contains urea, uric acid, creatinine, and ammonia

Question 18

Which of the following events occurs during the dilation stage of labor?

Accepted Answer

Cervix dilates to 10 cm

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Increases calcium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule

Question 20

Which of the following is the main cation in the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment?

Accepted Answer

Potassium ($$\mathrm{K^+})$$

Chapters 24–27: The Urinary System, Fluid/Electrolyte & Acid-Base Homeostasis, Reproductive System, and Development

Study Guide - Practice Questions

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