Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between a molecule and a compound?

Accepted Answer

A molecule consists of two or more atoms joined together, which may be of the same element, while a compound consists of two or more different elements joined together.

Question 2

Which statement about isotopes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Isotopes have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Question 3

A sodium atom ($$\mathrm{Na}) $$loses one electron to become a sodium ion ($$\mathrm{Na^+}). $$What type of ion is formed and why?

Accepted Answer

A cation, because it has lost an electron and now has a positive charge.

Question 4

Which property of water is most important for maintaining temperature homeostasis in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Its high heat capacity, allowing it to absorb or release large amounts of heat with minimal temperature change.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why water is an excellent solvent for salts like sodium chloride ($$\mathrm{NaCl}$$)?

Accepted Answer

Water is polar and can surround and separate the positive and negative ions in salts.

Question 6

Which type of chemical bond is the strongest and most common in organic molecules?

Accepted Answer

Covalent bond

Question 7

A protein loses its three-dimensional structure when exposed to high heat. What is this process called, and what is the consequence?

Accepted Answer

Denaturation; the protein loses its function.

Question 8

Which of the following reactions is an example of a catabolic (decomposition) reaction?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen $$\rightarrow$$ glucose

Question 9

Which functional group is found in all amino acids and is responsible for their acidic properties?

Accepted Answer

-COOH (carboxyl group)

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes in chemical reactions?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy and speed up reactions.

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct example of a dehydration synthesis reaction?

Accepted Answer

Glucose + fructose $$\rightarrow$$ sucrose + water

Question 12

Which property of phospholipids is essential for their role in cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

They are amphipathic, having both polar heads and non-polar tails.

Question 13

Which of the following is true about ATP (adenosine triphosphate)?

Accepted Answer

ATP stores energy in its high-energy phosphate bonds.

Question 14

Which of the following best explains the octet rule in chemical bonding?

Accepted Answer

Atoms tend to react to achieve a stable arrangement of eight electrons in their outer shell.

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of prostaglandins, a type of eicosanoid lipid?

Accepted Answer

They modify responses to hormones and contribute to inflammation.

Question 16

Which of the following statements about organic and inorganic compounds is correct?

Accepted Answer

Organic compounds always contain carbon and hydrogen and have covalent bonds.

Question 17

A patient is unable to digest lactose due to a deficiency in the enzyme lactase. Which type of reaction is impaired?

Accepted Answer

Hydrolysis

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the structure of a nucleotide?

Accepted Answer

A sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Question 19

Which level of protein structure is primarily responsible for the unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide?

Accepted Answer

Primary structure

Question 20

Which of the following reactions is an example of an exchange (displacement) reaction?

Accepted Answer

AB + C $$\rightarrow AC + B$$

Chemical Level of Organization: Foundations for Anatomy & Physiology

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