Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of bicarbonate ion ($$\mathrm{$$HCO_3$$^-}) in $$the body?

Accepted Answer

It serves as an important base, constituting the alkaline reserve of the blood.

Question 2

A patient presents with a blood pH of 7.1. Which compensatory mechanism is most likely to be activated first?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory compensation by increasing ventilation to eliminate $$\mathrm{CO_2$}.$$

Question 3

Which equation correctly expresses the relationship between hydrogen ion concentration and pH?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{pH} = -\log_{10}[\mathrm{H^+}]$$

Question 4

Which of the following statements about acids and bases is correct?

Accepted Answer

Acids release or donate hydrogen ions, while bases receive or absorb hydrogen ions.

Question 5

If the pH of a solution changes from 7 to 6, how does the strength of acidity change?

Accepted Answer

It increases by 10 times.

Question 6

Which buffer system is most effective in maintaining the pH of extracellular fluid at 7.4?

Accepted Answer

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

Question 7

A patient with chronic kidney disease is unable to excrete nonvolatile acids efficiently. What is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why hemoglobin is an effective buffer in venous blood?

Accepted Answer

Hemoglobin not saturated with oxygen binds hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide, acting as a buffer.

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct statement about the renal system's role in acid-base balance?

Accepted Answer

It is the only regulator of bicarbonate and nonvolatile acids.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in the body?

Accepted Answer

Serving as a major source of stored energy

Question 11

Which of the following biomolecules is the major source of stored energy in the body?

Accepted Answer

Lipids (neutral fats or triglycerides)

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct pairing of DNA and RNA bases?

Accepted Answer

DNA: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine; RNA: Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine

Question 13

Which statement best describes the function of enzymes in biochemical reactions?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes increase the speed of reactions without being changed themselves.

Question 14

Which of the following is true regarding the structure of DNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA is a double-stranded polymer with complementary base pairing between A-T and G-C.

Question 15

Which process is responsible for the transfer of genetic instructions from DNA to protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Transcription

Question 16

Which of the following correctly describes the energy release from ATP hydrolysis?

Accepted Answer

ATP hydrolysis releases energy by breaking the bond between the terminal (third) phosphate group and the rest of the molecule.

Question 17

A solution has a hydrogen ion concentration of $$1 	imes 10$$^{-4}$$ mol/L. What is its pH?

Accepted Answer

$$4$$

Question 18

Which of the following is a nonvolatile acid eliminated by the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Sulfuric acid

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why the pH of urine is typically acidic?

Accepted Answer

Most products of cell metabolism excreted in urine are acids.

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct statement about compensation in acid-base balance?

Accepted Answer

Correction occurs when both carbonic acid and bicarbonate return to normal values.

Chemical Principles in Anatomy & Physiology: Acids, Bases, Biomolecules, and Cellular Energy

Study Guide - Practice Questions