Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between a compound and a mixture?

Accepted Answer

A compound consists of atoms chemically bonded together, while a mixture consists of substances physically intermixed without chemical bonding.

Question 2

A patient is exposed to a radioactive isotope that emits gamma radiation. Which property of gamma radiation makes it particularly useful for medical imaging?

Accepted Answer

It is very fast and deeply penetrating, allowing it to pass through tissues and be detected externally.

Question 3

Which of the following equations correctly represents a decomposition reaction?

Accepted Answer

$AB \rightarrow A + B$

Question 4

A sodium atom (Na) has 11 protons and 12 neutrons. What is its mass number?

Accepted Answer

$23$

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why water molecules are considered polar?

Accepted Answer

The electrons are shared unequally, resulting in a partial positive charge on hydrogen and a partial negative charge on oxygen.

Question 6

If an atom has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 18, how many neutrons does it have?

Accepted Answer

$10$

Question 7

Which of the following is a correct statement about ionic bonds?

Accepted Answer

Ionic bonds are formed when one atom donates an electron to another, resulting in oppositely charged ions that attract each other.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes a solution?

Accepted Answer

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, with the solute dissolved in the solvent.

Question 9

A molecule of glucose ($C_6H_{12}O_6$) is held together by which type of chemical bond?

Accepted Answer

Covalent bonds

Question 10

Which of the following is a function of buffers in the human body?

Accepted Answer

They maintain a stable pH by minimizing changes in hydrogen ion concentration.

Question 11

A patient is given a solution with a pH of 4. Compared to pure water (pH 7), how many times more acidic is the solution?

Accepted Answer

$1000$ times more acidic, because each pH unit represents a tenfold change: $10^{(7-4)} = 1000$

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of ATP in cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

ATP stores and transfers energy for cellular processes.

Question 13

Which of the following statements about isotopes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Isotopes have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of a synthesis reaction important in the human body?

Accepted Answer

The combination of amino acids to form a protein

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) form an ionic bond?

Accepted Answer

Sodium donates an electron to chlorine, resulting in oppositely charged ions that attract each other.

Question 16

Which of the following is a property of hydrogen bonds?

Accepted Answer

They are weak bonds formed between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom like oxygen or nitrogen.

Question 17

A solution is made by dissolving 10 grams of NaCl in 90 grams of water. Which term best describes NaCl in this solution?

Accepted Answer

Solute

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the difference between kinetic and potential energy in the context of human physiology?

Accepted Answer

Kinetic energy is energy in action, such as muscle contraction, while potential energy is stored energy, such as energy stored in chemical bonds.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about the atomic structure is correct?

Accepted Answer

Neutrons have no charge and are found in the nucleus.

Question 20

A patient is diagnosed with a metabolic disorder that prevents the breakdown of fatty acids. Which type of chemical reaction is most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Decomposition reaction

Chemistry Foundations for Anatomy & Physiology

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