Question 1

Which of the following best describes the Law of Conservation of Energy as it applies to human physiology?

Accepted Answer

Energy can be converted from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed.

Question 2

A patient is experiencing muscle contractions. Which type of energy conversion is primarily occurring in their muscle cells?

Accepted Answer

Chemical energy from ATP is being converted to mechanical energy.

Question 3

Which of the following statements about atoms is correct?

Accepted Answer

The atomic number is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus.

Question 4

A solution has a pH of 4. What is the hydrogen ion concentration $[H^+]$ in moles per liter?

Accepted Answer

$[H^+] = 1 	imes 10^{-4}$ M

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why water is considered a universal solvent in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Water can dissolve both ionic and polar substances due to its polarity.

Question 6

A patient is found to have a blood pH of 7.1. Which of the following best describes their condition?

Accepted Answer

They are experiencing acidemia.

Question 7

Which of the following is a correct example of an ionic bond formation?

Accepted Answer

A sodium atom donates an electron to a chlorine atom, forming NaCl.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the difference between a mixture and a compound?

Accepted Answer

Mixtures can be separated by physical means, while compounds require chemical means for separation.

Question 9

Which of the following is a function of proteins in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Catalyzing biochemical reactions as enzymes.

Question 10

A patient is given a solution containing electrolytes. Which property of electrolytes is most important for nerve impulse transmission?

Accepted Answer

They conduct electricity when dissolved in water.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the structure of DNA?

Accepted Answer

A double-stranded helix with complementary base pairing.

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct statement about ATP?

Accepted Answer

ATP releases energy when its high-energy phosphate bonds are broken.

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why saturated fats are considered 'bad' for health compared to unsaturated fats?

Accepted Answer

Saturated fats have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms and are solid at room temperature, contributing to atherosclerosis.

Question 14

A scientist is studying a molecule with the formula C$_6$H$_{12}$O$_6$. Which class of biomolecule does this represent, and what is its primary function in the body?

Accepted Answer

It is a monosaccharide; its primary function is to provide cellular fuel.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes in metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes act as biological catalysts, lowering the activation energy and increasing the rate of reactions.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a nitrogenous base with its complementary base in DNA?

Accepted Answer

Guanine pairs with cytosine.

Question 17

A patient is suffering from oxidative stress due to an excess of free radicals. Which of the following substances would help neutralize these free radicals?

Accepted Answer

Antioxidants such as vitamin C or E

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen is a polysaccharide that allows for compact storage of glucose for rapid energy release.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA is double-stranded and contains deoxyribose, while RNA is single-stranded and contains ribose.

Question 20

A chemical reaction in the body releases energy and produces heat. Which type of reaction is this, and what is the significance for body temperature regulation?

Accepted Answer

It is an exergonic reaction; the heat produced helps maintain body temperature.

Chemistry Foundations for Anatomy & Physiology

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