Question 1

Which of the following best describes the Second Law of Thermodynamics as it applies to biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Natural spontaneous processes move from a state of order to a state of disorder without continual input of energy.

Question 2

A scientist is studying a cell that can develop into any type of cell in the body, but not into a new organism. What type of stem cell is this?

Accepted Answer

Pluripotent cell

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why enzymes are necessary for many chemical reactions in the body?

Accepted Answer

They lower the activation energy, allowing reactions to occur more rapidly at body temperature.

Question 4

A patient has a genetic disorder that prevents the formation of peptide bonds. Which process would be directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis

Question 5

Which of the following is a correct statement about the energy yield from glucose metabolism under aerobic and anaerobic conditions?

Accepted Answer

Aerobic metabolism yields 30-32 ATP per glucose molecule, while anaerobic metabolism yields only 2 ATP.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the function of NAD and FAD in cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

They are carrier molecules that transport electrons to the electron transport system.

Question 7

A cell is observed to have a high ratio of ATP to ADP. What does this indicate about the cell's metabolic state?

Accepted Answer

The cell has abundant energy available for cellular processes.

Question 8

Which of the following reactions is an example of a hydrolysis reaction?

Accepted Answer

Breaking a disaccharide into two monosaccharides by adding water

Question 9

A mutation causes a cell to lose the ability to compartmentalize its enzymes. Which of the following is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Loss of regulation and possible interference between incompatible reactions

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

It is a structural component of the ribosome, making up about 60% of its mass.

Question 11

Which of the following is an example of an irreversible chemical reaction in the body?

Accepted Answer

The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate

Question 12

A patient is unable to absorb certain vitamins and minerals, leading to poor enzyme function. These vitamins and minerals most likely serve as:

Accepted Answer

Cofactors

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the difference between potential and kinetic energy in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Potential energy is stored energy, while kinetic energy is energy of motion.

Question 14

During the Citric Acid Cycle, which of the following occurs?

Accepted Answer

Pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA, which enters the cycle and produces NADH, FADH2, and ATP.

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why the hydrolysis of ATP is considered an exergonic reaction?

Accepted Answer

It releases energy that can be used to power cellular processes.

Question 16

A researcher is studying a reaction that requires the addition of a functional group to a molecule. Which type of reaction is this?

Accepted Answer

Addition reaction

Question 17

Which of the following statements about codons is correct?

Accepted Answer

A codon consists of three nucleotides and codes for a specific amino acid.

Question 18

If a cell's plasma membrane is damaged and loses its integrity, which of the following is a likely immediate consequence?

Accepted Answer

Loss of compartmentalization and uncontrolled exchange of substances with the environment

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the process of apoptosis?

Accepted Answer

Programmed cell death, where the cell breaks into small pieces and is removed by neighboring cells or macrophages

Question 20

Which of the following equations correctly represents the hydrolysis of ATP?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{ATP} + \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} ightarrow \mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P}_i + 	ext{energy}$$

Compartmentation, Energy, and Cellular Metabolism in Anatomy & Physiology

Study Guide - Practice Questions