Question 1

Which phase of the cell cycle is primarily responsible for DNA replication, and what would be the consequence if this phase was skipped in a rapidly dividing tissue?

Accepted Answer

S phase; daughter cells would have incomplete genetic material

Question 2

A patient is exposed to a hypertonic intravenous solution. Which of the following best describes the effect on their red blood cells, and why?

Accepted Answer

Cells will shrink as water leaves to balance solute concentration

Question 3

Which of the following best illustrates a negative feedback mechanism in homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Sweating to reduce body temperature when overheated

Question 4

Which organ system is primarily responsible for protecting the body from environmental hazards and regulating body temperature?

Accepted Answer

Integumentary system

Question 5

A person with a deficiency in parathyroid hormone (PTH) would most likely experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Decreased blood calcium levels

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion across a cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Facilitated diffusion uses membrane proteins to transport substances

Question 7

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events during mitosis?

Accepted Answer

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Question 8

A patient is unable to produce sufficient insulin. Which organ system is primarily affected, and what is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine system; elevated blood glucose levels

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the function of the sarcomere in skeletal muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

It is the structural unit where actin and myosin interact to produce contraction

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a macromolecule with its monomer?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrate – monosaccharide

Question 11

A patient presents with muscle weakness and fatigue. Laboratory tests reveal low sodium levels in the blood. Which type of solution should be administered to restore electrolyte balance?

Accepted Answer

Isotonic saline solution

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why the CNS is more vulnerable to injury than the PNS?

Accepted Answer

The CNS lacks connective tissue coverings like the PNS

Question 13

Which of the following is the correct order of the meninges from superficial to deep?

Accepted Answer

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Question 14

A person is exposed to a cold environment. Which physiological response is most likely to occur as a result of negative feedback?

Accepted Answer

Shivering to generate heat

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of the hypothalamus in homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

It regulates body temperature, hunger, and thirst

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of the lymphatic system?

Accepted Answer

Returning interstitial fluid to the bloodstream

Question 17

A patient has a mutation in the gene encoding for the enzyme DNA polymerase. Which process would be directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Replication of DNA

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of the sodium-potassium pump ($$\mathrm{Na^+/K^+}-$$ATPase) in neurons?

Accepted Answer

It actively transports $$3\ \mathrm{Na^+}$$ out and $$2\ \mathrm{K^+} in$$, maintaining the resting membrane potential

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why the left ventricle of the heart has a thicker wall than the right ventricle?

Accepted Answer

It pumps blood to the entire body, requiring higher pressure

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of the epiglottis during swallowing?

Accepted Answer

It covers the trachea to prevent aspiration of food

Comprehensive Final Exam Study Guide: Anatomy & Physiology

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