Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between positive and negative feedback mechanisms in homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Negative feedback reduces the original stimulus to maintain balance, while positive feedback enhances the original stimulus, often leading to a specific event.

Question 2

A patient has low blood calcium levels. Which hormone is most likely to be secreted to correct this imbalance, and what is one of its primary actions?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); stimulates osteoclasts to release calcium from bones

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why protein hormones require second messengers to exert their effects?

Accepted Answer

Protein hormones are water-soluble and cannot cross the plasma membrane, so they bind to surface receptors and use second messengers.

Question 4

Which structure in the small intestine is primarily responsible for increasing the surface area for nutrient absorption?

Accepted Answer

Villi

Question 5

During glycolysis, one molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid. How many net ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule in this process?

Accepted Answer

$$2$$

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the role of the diaphragm during inspiration?

Accepted Answer

It contracts, increasing thoracic volume and decreasing intrapulmonary pressure, allowing air to flow in.

Question 7

A person is exercising vigorously. Which of the following changes would you expect in their respiratory system?

Accepted Answer

Increased respiratory rate and increased gas exchange at the alveoli

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the pathway of blood through the heart, starting from the right atrium?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta

Question 9

Which of the following statements about the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is correct?

Accepted Answer

GFR is regulated by the juxtaglomerular complex and decreases after significant blood loss.

Question 10

Which of the following is a function of the spleen in the lymphatic system?

Accepted Answer

Removal of old red blood cells from circulation

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the difference between innate and adaptive immune defenses?

Accepted Answer

Innate defenses include skin and mucous membranes, while adaptive defenses involve B and T lymphocytes targeting specific antigens.

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why oxygen is transported primarily bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Hemoglobin increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood, as oxygen has low solubility in plasma.

Question 13

A person with blood type AB negative ($$AB^-) $$needs a transfusion. Which of the following blood types can safely be given to this person?

Accepted Answer

O negative ($$O^-)$$

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the formation and flow of urine?

Accepted Answer

Renal pelvis → ureter → bladder → urethra

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of the complement system in immunity?

Accepted Answer

It promotes phagocytosis, causes agglutination, precipitation, neutralization, and complement activation.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why we breathe in oxygen ($$O_2) $$and exhale carbon dioxide ($$CO_2$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$O_2 is $$required as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, and $$CO_2 is $$produced as a waste product during the Krebs cycle.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct description of the absorptive state?

Accepted Answer

It occurs after a meal, when nutrients are being absorbed and insulin secretion is increased.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of erythropoietin?

Accepted Answer

It stimulates the production of red blood cells in response to low oxygen levels.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct statement about the role of the pineal gland?

Accepted Answer

It regulates sleep cycles by producing melatonin.

Comprehensive Review Notes for ANP College Course: Endocrine, Digestive, Respiratory, Cardiovascular, Urinary, Lymphatic, and Immune Systems

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards