Question 1

Which of the following blood vessels carries the most highly oxygenated blood in fetal circulation?

Accepted Answer

Umbilical vein

Question 2

A patient is diagnosed with atherosclerosis. Which of the following best describes how this condition affects blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

It increases peripheral resistance, leading to higher blood pressure.

Question 3

Which of the following is a key difference between the innate and adaptive immune responses?

Accepted Answer

The adaptive immune response generates memory cells, while the innate response does not.

Question 4

A patient receives an injection of antibodies after being exposed to rabies. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Artificial passive immunity

Question 5

Which of the following equations correctly represents the calculation for Net Filtration Pressure (NFP) in systemic capillary beds?

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = (HP_c - HP_i) - (OP_c - OP_i)$$

Question 6

A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is at risk for chronic CO$$_2$$ retention. Which of the following is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory acidosis

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of the Loop of Henle in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

It creates a concentration gradient in the medulla to allow for water reabsorption.

Question 8

A patient presents with muscle weakness and cardiac arrhythmias. Laboratory results show low serum sodium. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Hyponatremia

Question 9

Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidney by increasing the number of aquaporins?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 10

Most nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract occurs in which region?

Accepted Answer

Small intestine

Question 11

Which of the following enzymes is produced by the pancreas and is responsible for digesting proteins?

Accepted Answer

Trypsin

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of parietal cells in the stomach?

Accepted Answer

They secrete hydrochloric acid ($$HCl) to $$aid in digestion.

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why the testes are located in the scrotum outside the body cavity?

Accepted Answer

To maintain a temperature lower than core body temperature, which is necessary for spermatogenesis.

Question 14

Which hormone triggers ovulation in the female reproductive cycle?

Accepted Answer

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 15

A patient with Down’s syndrome has which chromosomal abnormality?

Accepted Answer

Trisomy 21

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the difference between an antigen and an antibody?

Accepted Answer

An antigen is a foreign molecule that triggers an immune response; an antibody is a protein produced by B cells that binds to antigens.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

It regulates blood pressure by releasing renin.

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of the liver?

Accepted Answer

Detoxification of blood

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between internal and external respiration?

Accepted Answer

Internal respiration is gas exchange between blood and tissues; external respiration is gas exchange between alveoli and blood.

Question 20

A patient with metabolic acidosis is likely to have which of the following blood gas values?

Accepted Answer

$$pH \u003c 7.35$$, $$HCO_3$$^- \u003c 22$$ mEq/L

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