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Comprehensive Study Guide: Anatomy and Physiology Exam Revision

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What is Anatomy & Physiology?

Levels of Organization

Introduction to Directional Terms

Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions

Anatomical Planes & Sections

Organization of the Body: Body Cavities

Homeostasis

Feedback Loops

Feedback Loops: Negative Feedback

Feedback Loops: Positive Feedback

Atoms- Smallest Unit of Matter

Introduction to Chemical Bonding

Chemical Reactions

Enzymes

Introduction to Water

pH Scale

Biological Membranes

Introduction to Eukaryotic Organelles

Concentration Gradients and Diffusion

Introduction to Membrane Transport

Osmosis

Simple and Facilitated Diffusion

Active Transport

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Introduction to Tissues & Histology

Introduction to Epithelial Tissue

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue

Introduction to Connective Tissue

Classes of Connective Tissue

Introduction to Connective Tissue Proper

Introduction to the Integumentary System

The Epidermis: Cells

The Epidermis: Layers

The Dermis

The Hypodermis

Hair

    Glands

      Nails

        An Introduction to Bone and Skeletal Tissue

        Gross Anatomy of Bone: Compact and Spongy Bone

        Gross Anatomy of Bones - Structure of a Long Bone

        Microscopic Anatomy of Bones - Bone Cells

        Introduction to the Skeleton

        The Skull

        The Spine

        The Thoracic Cage

        The Pelvic Girdle

        Introduction to Joints

        Classification of Joints

        Structural Class: Fibrous Joints

        Structural Class: Cartilaginous Joints

        Structural Class: Synovial Joints

        Introduction to Muscles and Muscle Tissue

        Structure of a Skeletal Muscle

        Sliding Filament Theory and the Sarcomere

        Steps of Muscle Contraction

        Fascicle Arrangements

        Levers

        Origin and Insertion

        Muscle Actions

        Muscle Naming

        Ions - Sodium and Potassium

        Resting Membrane Potential

        Change in Membrane Potential

        Properties of Graded and Action Potentials

        Graded Potentials

        Action Potentials

        The Refractory Period

        Propagation of Action Potentials

        Introduction to Reflex Arcs

        Reflex Arcs

        Introduction to the Central Nervous System

        The Cerebrum

        Introduction to the Peripheral Nervous System

        Organization of Sensory Pathways

        Introduction to Sensory Receptors

        Introduction to Special Senses

        Structure of the Eyeball

        Introduction to the Endocrine System

        The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

        Introduction To Blood

        Erythrocytes

        Leukocytes

        Platelets: Hemostasis

        Electrical Conduction System of the Heart

        Cardiac Action Potentials

        Electrocardiogram (ECG)

        Cardiac Cycle

        Introduction to Blood Vessels

        Types of Blood Vessels

        General Blood Vessel Structure

        Arteries

        Capillaries

        Veins

        Introduction to the Lymphatic System

        Lymphatic Vasculature

        Lymphoid Cells & Tissues

        Overview of Lymphoid Organs

        Primary Lymphoid Organs

        Secondary Lymphoid Organs: Lymph Nodes

        Secondary Lymphoid Organs: The Spleen

        Secondary Lymphoid Organs: MALT

        Introduction to the Immune System

        Introduction to Innate Immunity

        Introduction to First-Line Defenses

        Physical Barriers in First-Line Defenses: Skin

        Physical Barriers in First-Line Defenses: Mucous Membrane

        First-Line Defenses: Chemical Barriers

        Introduction to Cells of the Immune System

        Cells of the Immune System: Granulocytes

        Cells of the Immune System: Agranulocytes

        Introduction to Cell Communication

        Introduction to the Digestive System

        The Stomach

        Small Intestine

        Introduction to Metabolism

        Introduction to Cellular Respiration

        Introduction to the Urinary System

        The Kidneys

        The Nephron

        Renal Physiology: Overview

        Introduction to the Reproductive System

        Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System

        Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System

        Meiosis