Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissue?

Accepted Answer

Skeletal muscle is striated and voluntary, cardiac muscle is striated and involuntary, and smooth muscle is non-striated and involuntary.

Question 2

During muscle contraction, which step directly follows the binding of myosin heads to actin filaments?

Accepted Answer

The myosin head pivots, pulling the actin filament toward the center of the sarcomere (power stroke).

Question 3

A patient presents with orthostatic hypotension. Which physiological mechanism is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Baroreceptor reflex that increases heart rate and vasoconstriction upon standing.

Question 4

Which equation correctly calculates cardiac output ($$CO$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 5

A patient has a blood pressure of 120/80 mmHg. What is the mean arterial pressure ($$MAP$$)? Use the formula $$MAP = \frac{1}{3} (Systolic - Diastolic) + Diastolic.$$

Accepted Answer

$$MAP = 93$$ mmHg

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why edema can result from heart failure?

Accepted Answer

Increased hydrostatic pressure in capillaries causes more fluid to move into the interstitial space.

Question 7

Which of the following is a function of the kidneys in acid-base balance?

Accepted Answer

Reabsorption of bicarbonate ions and secretion of hydrogen ions.

Question 8

A patient with sepsis is at risk for which of the following complications due to widespread vasodilation?

Accepted Answer

Hypotension and decreased tissue perfusion.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of CD8 T lymphocytes?

Accepted Answer

They directly kill virus-infected cells by recognizing antigens presented on MHC-I molecules.

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct description of the Starling Law of the Heart?

Accepted Answer

The greater the stretch of cardiac muscle fibers, the greater the force of contraction.

Question 11

Which of the following is a primary function of the lymphatic system?

Accepted Answer

Return excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream.

Question 12

A patient is experiencing respiratory acidosis. Which of the following lab findings would you expect?

Accepted Answer

Decreased blood pH and increased $$PaCO_2$$

Question 13

Which of the following best explains the mechanism of antigen presentation by MHC-II molecules?

Accepted Answer

MHC-II molecules present extracellular antigens to CD4 T helper cells.

Question 14

Which of the following is a major cause of hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Increased peripheral resistance due to vasoconstriction.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the process of filtration in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Movement of water and solutes from the blood into the nephron at the glomerulus.

Question 16

A patient with Addison's disease is likely to have which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Low blood sodium and high blood potassium.

Question 17

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating glomerular filtration rate ($$GFR$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$GFR = K_f 	imes (P_{GC} - P_{BS} - \pi_{GC})$$

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of surfactant in the lungs?

Accepted Answer

Reduces surface tension, preventing alveolar collapse during expiration.

Question 19

A patient with hyperkalemia is at risk for which of the following cardiac complications?

Accepted Answer

Arrhythmias due to altered membrane potential.

Question 20

Which of the following best explains the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity provides immediate, non-specific defense; adaptive immunity is specific and develops over time.

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