Question 1

Which of the following best explains why meiosis, but not mitosis, leads to genetic variation among offspring?

Accepted Answer

Crossing over and independent assortment during meiosis shuffle alleles, creating new combinations.

Question 2

A patient is diagnosed with anemia due to a mutation affecting hemoglobin structure. Which process is directly responsible for translating the mutated gene into the abnormal hemoglobin protein?

Accepted Answer

Translation

Question 3

A solution is prepared by dissolving 5.0 g of NaCl (molar mass = 58.44 g/mol) in enough water to make 250 mL of solution. What is the molarity of the solution?

$$	ext{Molarity} = \frac{	ext{moles of solute}}{	ext{volume of solution in liters}}$$

Accepted Answer

$$0.34\ 	ext{M}$$

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the function of the nephron in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

It filters blood, reabsorbs essential substances, and secretes wastes to form urine.

Question 5

A radioactive isotope has a half-life of 8 hours. If you start with 80 mg, how much remains after 24 hours?

$$	ext{Remaining mass} = 	ext{Initial mass} 	imes \left(\frac{1}{2}\$$right)^{\frac{	ext{elapsed time}$$}{	ext{half-life}}}$$

Accepted Answer

10 mg

Question 6

Which of the following statements about enzymes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy of chemical reactions.

Question 7

A person with a deficiency in vitamin D is likely to experience which physiological effect?

Accepted Answer

Decreased calcium absorption leading to weakened bones

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of the sarcomere in muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

It is the functional unit where actin and myosin filaments slide past each other to shorten the muscle.

Question 9

A patient presents with a blood pH of 7.1. Which of the following best describes their condition and the likely physiological response?

Accepted Answer

Acidosis; the respiratory rate will increase to expel more CO$$_2.$$

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why red blood cells placed in a hypotonic solution swell and may burst?

Accepted Answer

Water moves into the cell by osmosis due to a lower solute concentration outside.

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct application of Newton's Second Law of Motion ($$F = ma) in a $$medical context?

Accepted Answer

The force required to accelerate a wheelchair-bound patient depends on both the mass of the patient and the acceleration needed.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of the myelin sheath in the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

It increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction along the axon.

Question 13

A patient is exposed to a virus that specifically targets and destroys helper T cells. Which system is most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Immune system

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why a convex lens can correct hyperopia (farsightedness)?

Accepted Answer

It converges light rays so they focus on the retina.

Question 15

Which of the following is a property of an exothermic chemical reaction?

Accepted Answer

It releases heat to the surroundings.

Question 16

A 70 kg person stands on a scale in an elevator accelerating upward at $$2\ 	ext{m/s}^2. $$What is the apparent weight? (Take $$g = 9.8\ 	ext{m/s}^2$$)

$$F = m(a + g)$$

Accepted Answer

$$840\ 	ext{N}$$

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of hemoglobin in the human body?

Accepted Answer

It transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct statement about the structure of DNA according to the Watson–Crick model?

Accepted Answer

DNA consists of two antiparallel strands held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary bases.

Question 19

A patient is unable to digest lactose due to a deficiency in the enzyme lactase. Which class of biomolecule is directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrates

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