Question 1

Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex and is primarily responsible for regulating sodium and potassium balance in the body?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 2

A patient presents with a high white blood cell count and symptoms of infection. Which formed element of blood is most directly involved in fighting pathogens?

Accepted Answer

Leukocytes

Question 3

Which internal structure of the heart is responsible for preventing backflow of blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium?

Accepted Answer

Tricuspid valve

Question 4

The QRS complex in an EKG represents which of the following events?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular depolarization

Question 5

If a patient has increased blood viscosity, what effect does this have on blood flow and blood pressure, according to Poiseuille’s Law ($$Q = \frac{\pi r^4$ \Delta P}{8 \eta l}$$)?

Accepted Answer

Blood flow decreases, blood pressure increases

Question 6

Which artery supplies oxygenated blood to the brain?

Accepted Answer

Carotid artery

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?

Accepted Answer

Producing red blood cells

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of the body’s second line of defense?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis by macrophages

Question 9

The pleura is the covering of the lungs. Which statement best describes its function?

Accepted Answer

It reduces friction between the lungs and thoracic wall during breathing

Question 10

Most oxygen in the blood is transported by which mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Bound to hemoglobin

Question 11

Which of the following is an accessory digestive organ?

Accepted Answer

Pancreas

Question 12

Where does most nutrient absorption occur in the digestive system?

Accepted Answer

Small intestine

Question 13

Which nutrient is primarily used for building and repairing tissues?

Accepted Answer

Proteins

Question 14

During glucose oxidation, which pathway produces the most ATP?

Accepted Answer

Electron transport chain

Question 15

The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney. Which process occurs first in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Glomerular filtration

Question 16

Which route is the primary way water leaves the body under normal conditions?

Accepted Answer

Urine

Question 17

Arrange the following structures in the correct order for sperm travel from the testes to the exterior: epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, seminiferous tubules.

Accepted Answer

Seminiferous tubules → epididymis → vas deferens → urethra

Question 18

What is the product of meiosis in males?

Accepted Answer

Four sperm cells

Question 19

Which nervous system controls the erection phase of the male sexual response?

Accepted Answer

Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 20

Which pattern of inheritance is exemplified by cystic fibrosis, where two copies of the mutated gene are required for the disease to manifest?

Accepted Answer

Autosomal recessive

Comprehensive Study Guide: BIOL 221 (A&P II) Cumulative Final Exam Objectives

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