Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of the seminal vesicles in the male reproductive system?

Accepted Answer

They secrete a fructose-rich fluid that provides energy for sperm motility.

Question 2

A patient presents with muscle weakness and fatigue. Laboratory results show low calcium levels. Which hormone is most likely deficient, and what is its effect on bone growth?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone; it stimulates osteoclast activity, increasing blood calcium.

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why steroid hormones have longer-lasting effects than amino acid-based hormones?

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormones bind to intracellular receptors and alter gene transcription.

Question 4

A neuron has a resting membrane potential of $$-70\ \mathrm{mV}$$ and an equilibrium potential for $$\mathrm{K}^+ of$$ $$-90\ \mathrm{mV}. If $$the membrane becomes more permeable to $$\mathrm{K}^+$$, what will happen to the membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

It will become more negative, approaching $$-90\ \mathrm{mV}.$$

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the difference between isometric and isotonic muscle contractions?

Accepted Answer

Isometric contractions generate force without changing muscle length; isotonic contractions change muscle length.

Question 6

A patient with type 1 diabetes forgets to take their insulin and develops hyperglycemia. Which of the following best explains the pathophysiology?

Accepted Answer

Insulin promotes glucose uptake by cells; without it, glucose remains in the blood.

Question 7

Which of the following is a correct sequence of blood flow through the heart and major vessels?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of anti-microbial peptides in the innate immune system?

Accepted Answer

They directly disrupt microbial membranes, leading to pathogen death.

Question 9

During the ovarian cycle, which event marks the transition from the follicular phase to the luteal phase?

Accepted Answer

Ovulation

Question 10

A patient is found to have type A negative blood. Which antigens and antibodies are present in their blood?

Accepted Answer

A antigen on RBCs; anti-B and anti-Rh antibodies in plasma

Question 11

Which of the following best explains how aldosterone regulates sodium and water homeostasis in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

It increases sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule, leading to water retention.

Question 12

Which of the following is a key difference between local (graded) potentials and action potentials in neurons?

Accepted Answer

Local potentials decrease in amplitude with distance, while action potentials do not.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the cardiovascular system during a 'fight or flight' response?

Accepted Answer

It increases heart rate and constricts blood vessels to the skin.

Question 14

Which of the following mechanisms is NOT a way synaptic transmission is terminated?

Accepted Answer

Continuous stimulation of postsynaptic receptors

Question 15

A person is exposed to a pathogen and develops a fever, increased phagocytosis, and complement activation. Which branch of the immune system is primarily responsible for these responses?

Accepted Answer

Innate immune system

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

It coordinates the stress response by releasing CRH, ACTH, and cortisol.

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why hyperventilation leads to alkalosis?

Accepted Answer

Hyperventilation decreases $$\mathrm{CO}_2 in $$the blood, raising pH.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct statement about the reabsorption of glucose in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Glucose is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule via secondary active transport with sodium.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns and activate innate immunity.

Comprehensive Study Guide for Anatomy & Physiology Final Exam (BIOL 252)

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