Q: Which equation correctly represents the calculation of hematocrit, given total blood volume and volume of erythrocytes?

Hematocrit $$= \frac{\text{Volume of erythrocytes}}{\text{Total blood volume}} \times 100$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands release their products onto body surfaces or into body cavities.

Question 2

A patient has persistently low levels of thyroid hormone. Which cellular response is most likely to occur in their target cells?

Accepted Answer

Up-regulation, resulting in increased receptor numbers for thyroid hormone.

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of humoral stimulus triggering hormone release?

Accepted Answer

Low blood calcium levels stimulating parathyroid hormone release.

Question 4

Which mechanism of hormone action is most directly responsible for altering plasma membrane permeability?

Accepted Answer

Opening or closing ion channels.

Question 5

Which hormone interaction occurs when one hormone cannot exert its full effect without another hormone being present?

Accepted Answer

Permissiveness

Question 6

A patient is diagnosed with polycythemia. Which of the following best describes this condition?

Accepted Answer

An abnormal excess of erythrocytes, increasing blood viscosity.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a function of albumin in blood plasma?

Accepted Answer

Transporting oxygen

Question 8

Which equation correctly represents the calculation of hematocrit, given total blood volume and volume of erythrocytes?

Accepted Answer

Hematocrit $$= \frac{	ext{Volume of erythrocytes}}{	ext{Total blood volume}} 	imes 100$$

Question 9

A patient with sickle-cell anemia experiences severe pain and organ damage. Which is the primary cause of these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Abnormal hemoglobin causes erythrocytes to become rigid and block small blood vessels.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the function of the AV (atrioventricular) valves in the heart?

Accepted Answer

They prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria during ventricular contraction.

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct sequence for blood flow through the heart?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta

Question 12

Which of the following best explains the role of gap junctions in cardiac muscle fibers?

Accepted Answer

They allow ions to pass directly between cells, enabling synchronized contraction.

Question 13

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin; regulates sleep-wake cycles.

Question 14

Which equation best represents the calculation of mean arterial pressure (MAP) given systolic and diastolic blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

MAP $$= 	ext{Diastolic BP} + \frac{1}{3}(	ext{Systolic BP} - 	ext{Diastolic BP})$$

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of insulin in lowering blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Insulin increases glucose uptake by cells, promotes glycogenesis, and inhibits gluconeogenesis.

Question 16

A patient with a blood type AB has which of the following genetic combinations?

Accepted Answer

IᴬIᴮ

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct description of the pulmonary circuit?

Accepted Answer

It carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of the cardiac skeleton?

Accepted Answer

It provides structural support and electrical insulation between the atria and ventricles.

Question 19

Which of the following is a major function of the hormone oxytocin released from the posterior pituitary?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.

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