Question 1

Which of the following correctly lists the order of filtrate flow through the nephron, starting from the glomerular capsule?

Accepted Answer

Glomerular capsule → Proximal convoluted tubule → Loop of Henle → Distal convoluted tubule → Collecting duct

Question 2

Which pressure most directly opposes glomerular filtration in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Colloid osmotic pressure of plasma

Question 3

A patient has a decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Which of the following changes would most likely increase GFR?

Accepted Answer

Dilation of the afferent arteriole

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the path of food through the digestive tract?

Accepted Answer

Mouth → Pharynx → Esophagus → Stomach → Small intestine → Large intestine → Rectum → Anus

Question 5

Which gastric cell type is responsible for secreting hydrochloric acid (HCl)?

Accepted Answer

Parietal cell

Question 6

Which of the following is a key difference between bacteria and viruses?

Accepted Answer

Bacteria can reproduce independently, while viruses require a host cell to replicate.

Question 7

Which class of antibody is most abundant in the plasma and is responsible for secondary immune responses?

Accepted Answer

IgG

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the main function of simple squamous epithelial tissue?

Accepted Answer

Facilitates rapid diffusion and filtration

Question 9

Where does the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) occur within the cell?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrial matrix

Question 10

How many ATP molecules are produced (net gain) from one molecule of glucose during glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

$$2$$

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the difference between intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF)?

Accepted Answer

ICF is high in potassium and low in sodium, while ECF is high in sodium and low in potassium.

Question 12

Which type of membrane transport requires energy and moves substances against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 13

During an action potential, which phase is characterized by the rapid influx of $$\mathrm{Na^+}$$ ions?

Accepted Answer

Depolarization

Question 14

Which of the following is a key difference between neural and endocrine reflexes?

Accepted Answer

Neural reflexes are faster and use electrical signals, while endocrine reflexes are slower and use hormones.

Question 15

Which cranial nerve is responsible for transmitting visual information from the retina to the brain?

Accepted Answer

Optic nerve (Cranial Nerve II)

Question 16

Which of the following correctly lists the steps of skeletal muscle contraction in order?

Accepted Answer

Action potential → Calcium release → Troponin binds calcium → Tropomyosin moves → Myosin binds actin → Power stroke

Question 17

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of cardiac muscle compared to skeletal and smooth muscle?

Accepted Answer

Presence of intercalated discs

Question 18

During the cardiac contractile cell action potential, which phase is responsible for the plateau and what ion is primarily involved?

Accepted Answer

Phase 2; $$\mathrm{Ca$$^{2+}$$}$$ influx

Question 19

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating vital capacity (VC) in respiratory physiology?

Accepted Answer

$$VC = TV + IRV + ERV$$

Question 20

A patient is unable to absorb nutrients efficiently due to a loss of microvilli in the small intestine. Which epithelial tissue type is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Simple columnar epithelium

Comprehensive Study Guide for ANP Physiology Final Exam

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards