Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between compact bone and spongy bone in terms of structure and function?

Accepted Answer

Compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer of bones, providing strength for weight-bearing, while spongy bone is porous, found mainly in the epiphyses, and supports marrow for hematopoiesis.

Question 2

A patient presents with a fracture where the bone is broken into several pieces. Which type of fracture is this, and what is the primary concern with this injury?

Accepted Answer

It is a comminuted fracture; the main concern is improper bone healing due to multiple fragments.

Question 3

Which of the following best explains the role of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) in calcium homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

PTH increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity, which breaks down bone matrix and releases calcium into the bloodstream.

Question 4

Which movement term describes increasing the angle between two bones at a joint, such as straightening the elbow?

Accepted Answer

Extension

Question 5

A 65-year-old woman is diagnosed with osteoporosis. Which of the following best describes the underlying cellular mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Increased osteoclast activity and decreased osteoblast activity lead to reduced bone mass and increased fragility.

Question 6

Which of the following correctly matches the type of muscle tissue with its primary function and location?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac muscle: involuntary contraction; found only in the heart.

Question 7

During muscle contraction, which neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction, and which ion is essential for the contraction process?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine; calcium (Ca\^{2+})

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the difference between isotonic and isometric muscle contractions?

Accepted Answer

Isotonic contractions involve muscle shortening or lengthening with movement, while isometric contractions involve tension without changing muscle length.

Question 9

Which of the following is a function of articular (hyaline) cartilage in synovial joints?

Accepted Answer

It covers the ends of bones, reducing friction and absorbing shock during movement.

Question 10

A person is unable to perform dorsiflexion at the ankle. Which movement are they unable to do?

Accepted Answer

Lifting the foot upward toward the shin

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the difference between tendons and ligaments?

Accepted Answer

Tendons connect muscle to bone, transmitting force for movement; ligaments connect bone to bone, stabilizing joints.

Question 12

Which of the following is the correct order of food passage through the digestive system, starting from the stomach?

Accepted Answer

Stomach → duodenum → jejunum → ileum → cecum → ascending colon → transverse colon → descending colon → sigmoid colon → rectum

Question 13

Which enzyme is responsible for the initial digestion of carbohydrates, and where does this process begin?

Accepted Answer

Amylase; mouth

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of bile in digestion?

Accepted Answer

Bile emulsifies fats, increasing their surface area for enzyme action.

Question 15

A patient suffers a third-degree burn covering the anterior and posterior surfaces of both legs. Using the rule of nines, what percentage of the body surface area is affected?

Accepted Answer

$36\%$

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Exocrine glands secrete products through ducts onto body surfaces or into cavities; endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Question 17

Which cell type in the stomach is responsible for secreting intrinsic factor, which is necessary for vitamin B$_{12}$ absorption?

Accepted Answer

Parietal cells

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of the epiphyseal plate in long bones?

Accepted Answer

It is the site of bone lengthening during growth.

Question 19

Which of the following is a metabolic waste product produced by excessive muscle exertion, and what is its effect?

Accepted Answer

Lactic acid; causes muscle fatigue and soreness

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the skeletal system and the organs it protects?

Accepted Answer

The axial skeleton protects the brain, heart, and lungs, while the appendicular skeleton primarily facilitates movement.

Comprehensive Study Guide for Skeletal, Muscular, Skin, and Digestive Systems

Study Guide - Practice Questions

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