Question 1

A patient is admitted with severe dehydration. Which type of solution should be administered intravenously to avoid causing lysis of the patient's red blood cells, and why?

Accepted Answer

An isotonic solution, because it will maintain the same solute concentration as blood plasma, preventing net water movement.

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the function of the sodium-potassium (Na	extsuperscript{+}/K	extsuperscript{+}) pump in maintaining cellular homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

It pumps sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions in, using ATP, maintaining the electrochemical gradient.

Question 3

Which of the following molecules is most likely to pass through a cell membrane by simple diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen (O	extsubscript{2})

Question 4

A solution has a pH of 5. What is the concentration of hydrogen ions $[H^+]$ in this solution?

Accepted Answer

$[H^+] = 1 	imes 10^{-5}$ M

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why enzymes lower the activation energy of chemical reactions?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes provide a surface for reactants to bind and stabilize the transition state.

Question 6

During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell?

Accepted Answer

Anaphase

Question 7

A patient has a genetic mutation that affects the structure of their ribosomes. Which cellular process will be most directly impaired?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the structure of a nucleotide found in DNA?

Accepted Answer

A five-carbon (pentose) sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Question 9

Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus in a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

Final preparation, sorting, and packaging for distribution

Question 10

A cell is placed in a solution and swells until it bursts. What type of solution was the cell placed in?

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic

Question 11

Which of the following best describes facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Movement of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration through a membrane protein, without energy input

Question 12

Which of the following is true about the structure of phospholipids in the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

They form a bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Accepted Answer

Saturated fatty acids have only single bonds between carbon atoms; unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds.

Question 14

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Transcription, translation

Question 15

A patient is diagnosed with a disorder affecting the mitochondria. Which cellular function is most likely to be impaired?

Accepted Answer

Energy (ATP) production

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of microvilli in epithelial cells lining the small intestine?

Accepted Answer

They increase surface area for absorption and secretion.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct description of a covalent bond?

Accepted Answer

A bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of lysosomes in a cell?

Accepted Answer

Digestion of macromolecules and worn-out organelles

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the process of osmosis?

Accepted Answer

Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration

Question 20

Which of the following is the correct complementary base pairing in DNA?

Accepted Answer

Adenine pairs with thymine; guanine pairs with cytosine

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