$$\text{NFP} = \text{Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure} - (\text{Blood Osmotic Pressure} + \text{Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure})$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the concept of homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

Question 2

A patient is experiencing low blood calcium levels. Which hormone is most likely to be secreted to restore balance, and what is its primary action?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); increases calcium release from bones and absorption in the GI tract.

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of blood glucose by insulin.

Question 4

Protein hormones exert their effects on target cells primarily by:

Accepted Answer

Activating second messenger systems inside the cell.

Question 5

Which structure in the small intestine is responsible for increasing the absorptive surface area?

Accepted Answer

Villi

Question 6

During glycolysis, how many molecules of ATP are produced per glucose molecule?

Accepted Answer

$$2$$

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why the body performs gluconeogenesis?

Accepted Answer

To increase blood glucose levels during fasting or starvation.

Question 8

Which layer of the GI tract is primarily responsible for absorption of nutrients?

Accepted Answer

Mucosa

Question 9

A patient with a deficiency in erythropoietin would most likely experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Reduced production of red blood cells.

Question 10

Which of the following equations correctly represents the net filtration pressure (NFP) in the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{NFP} = 	ext{Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure} - (	ext{Blood Osmotic Pressure} + 	ext{Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure})$$

Question 11

Which process is responsible for moving urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder?

Accepted Answer

Peristalsis

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of the spleen in the lymphatic system?

Accepted Answer

Removal of old red blood cells.

Question 13

Which of the following is TRUE regarding oxygen transport in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Most oxygen is carried bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of the sinoatrial (SA) node?

Accepted Answer

It acts as the heart's natural pacemaker, initiating electrical impulses.

Question 15

Which of the following is a characteristic of veins compared to arteries?

Accepted Answer

Veins have valves to prevent backflow of blood.

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of the complement system in immunity?

Accepted Answer

Promotes phagocytosis and causes agglutination.

Question 17

A patient with HIV is most likely to have a deficiency in which type of immune cell?

Accepted Answer

Helper T cells

Question 18

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the production of ATP from one glucose molecule during aerobic respiration?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Total ATP} = 36 to$$ $$38$$

Question 19

Which of the following is a real-life example of positive feedback?

Accepted Answer

The release of oxytocin during childbirth, increasing uterine contractions.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of the pineal gland?

Accepted Answer

Regulates sleep cycles through the production of melatonin.

Comprehensive Study Guide: Human Anatomy & Physiology II (BIOL 2402) Final Exam Review

Study Guide - Practice Questions