Q: Which of the following reactions is exergonic and releases energy that can be used by cells?

ATP hydrolysis: $ \mathrm{ATP} + \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} \rightarrow \mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P}_i + \text{energy} $

Q: A patient has a genetic mutation that affects the function of their sodium-potassium pump. Which equation best represents the normal activity of this pump?

$ 3\mathrm{Na}^+_{\text{out}} + 2\mathrm{K}^+_{\text{in}} $

Question 1

Which of the following best describes homeostasis in the human body?

Accepted Answer

The process by which the body maintains a constant internal environment despite external changes.

Question 2

Which directional term describes a structure that is closer to the head compared to another structure?

Accepted Answer

Superior

Question 3

A patient presents with a burn on the anterior surface of the forearm. Which term best describes the location of the burn?

Accepted Answer

Question 4

Which of the following reactions is exergonic and releases energy that can be used by cells?

Accepted Answer

ATP hydrolysis: $ \mathrm{ATP} + \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} ightarrow \mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P}_i + 	ext{energy} $

Question 5

Which statement about enzymes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy of chemical reactions, increasing the rate of reaction.

Question 6

A protein is exposed to high heat and loses its three-dimensional structure. What is this process called, and what is the consequence?

Accepted Answer

Denaturation; the protein loses its function.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA contains deoxyribose sugar and thymine, while RNA contains ribose sugar and uracil.

Question 8

Which of the following is a function of membrane proteins?

Accepted Answer

Transporting substances across the cell membrane.

Question 9

A cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

Water will enter the cell, causing it to swell and possibly burst.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains the 'fluid mosaic model' of the cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

The membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins and other molecules embedded, allowing lateral movement.

Question 11

Which phase of the cell cycle is responsible for DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 12

Which organelle is primarily responsible for producing ATP in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 13

Which of the following is a general structural component of carbohydrates?

Accepted Answer

They contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio close to $ \mathrm{C}_n(\mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O})_n $.

Question 14

Which process allows water to move across a cell membrane from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis

Question 15

A patient has a genetic mutation that affects the function of their sodium-potassium pump. Which equation best represents the normal activity of this pump?

Accepted Answer

$ 3\mathrm{Na}^+_{	ext{out}} + 2\mathrm{K}^+_{	ext{in}} $

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

It modulates membrane fluidity and stability.

Question 17

Which of the following is true about ATP?

Accepted Answer

ATP is the primary energy currency of the cell, and its hydrolysis releases energy for cellular processes.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the process of facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Movement of substances across a membrane via specific transport proteins, down their concentration gradient.

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of lysosomes in the cell?

Accepted Answer

Digesting and recycling cellular waste and foreign material.

Question 20

A cell is observed to have a large number of ribosomes. What is the most likely function of this cell?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis

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