Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of osteoclasts in the homeostatic regulation of bone remodeling?

Accepted Answer

They break down bone tissue, releasing calcium into the bloodstream.

Question 2

A patient suffers a spinal cord injury at the level of T6. Which of the following reflex arcs would most likely remain intact below the injury?

Accepted Answer

Withdrawal reflex mediated by interneurons in the lumbar region.

Question 3

Which protein is directly responsible for the power stroke during muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Myosin

Question 4

A soccer player hyperextends her knee during a game. Which joint type and associated structure is most likely to be injured?

Accepted Answer

Hinge joint; anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

Question 5

During an action potential in a neuron, which membrane transport mechanism is primarily responsible for repolarization?

Accepted Answer

Facilitated diffusion of potassium ions out of the cell

Question 6

Which connective tissue layer in the integumentary system provides strength and elasticity to the skin?

Accepted Answer

Reticular layer of the dermis

Question 7

The meninges protect the brain and spinal cord. Which sequence correctly lists the layers from superficial to deep?

Accepted Answer

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Question 8

Which statement best explains why myelin increases the speed of neural conduction?

Accepted Answer

Myelin insulates the axon, enabling saltatory conduction between nodes of Ranvier.

Question 9

During exercise, which body system is primarily responsible for thermoregulation via evaporative cooling?

Accepted Answer

Integumentary system

Question 10

Which epithelial tissue type is most likely found lining the mouth and esophagus, providing protection against abrasion?

Accepted Answer

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 11

A neuron has a resting membrane potential of $$-70\ 	ext{mV}. If $$the membrane becomes permeable to sodium ions, what is the expected effect?

Accepted Answer

The membrane potential will move toward zero (depolarization).

Question 12

Which pathway best describes somatic motor control of skeletal muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Motor neuron releases acetylcholine, which binds to receptors on the muscle fiber, triggering an action potential.

Question 13

Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for autonomic control of cardiac muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Norepinephrine

Question 14

A patient loses the ability to sense light touch on their skin. Which type of receptor and pathway is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Meissner's corpuscles; dorsal column pathway

Question 15

Which physiological adaptation occurs in both muscle and bone in response to regular weight-bearing exercise?

Accepted Answer

Increase in bone mineral density and muscle hypertrophy

Question 16

A patient with multiple sclerosis experiences slowed neural conduction. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

Loss of myelin in the CNS disrupts saltatory conduction.

Question 17

Which equation best represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential of potassium ions ($$K^+) $$across a membrane?

Accepted Answer

$$E_{K^+} = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[K^+]_{	ext{outside}}}{[K^+]_{	ext{inside}}} ight)$$

Question 18

A muscle fiber is exposed to a toxin that blocks voltage-gated calcium channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. What is the most likely effect?

Accepted Answer

Muscle contraction will be inhibited due to decreased calcium release.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference in myelin formation between the CNS and PNS?

Accepted Answer

Oligodendrocytes form myelin in the CNS, while Schwann cells form myelin in the PNS.

Question 20

A marathon runner experiences muscle fatigue due to lactic acid accumulation. Which equation best represents the anaerobic conversion of glucose to lactic acid?

Accepted Answer

$$C_6H_{12}O_6$ \rightarrow 2\ C_3H_6O_3 + 2\ ATP$$

Comprehensive Study Guide: Key Topics in Anatomy & Physiology (BIO 2111)

Study Guide - Practice Questions

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