Q: Which equation best represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential of an ion across a membrane?

$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[\text{ion}]_{\text{outside}}}{[\text{ion}]_{\text{inside}}} \right)$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

Accepted Answer

CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, while PNS includes all nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.

Question 2

Which neurotransmitter is primarily secreted by neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS)?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 3

A patient presents with loss of sensation in the right arm. Which part of the spinal cord is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Dorsal root

Question 4

Which cranial nerve is responsible for transmitting over 75% of parasympathetic output from the brain?

Accepted Answer

Vagus nerve (Cranial Nerve X)

Question 5

Which meningeal layer is directly adjacent to the brain tissue?

Accepted Answer

Pia mater

Question 6

What is the primary function of the thalamus in the brain?

Accepted Answer

Relay sensory information to the cerebral cortex

Question 7

Which type of receptor is found on the membrane of skeletal muscle cells at the neuromuscular junction?

Accepted Answer

Nicotinic cholinergic receptor

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why neurohormones released by the adrenal medulla (epinephrine and norepinephrine) have longer-lasting effects than neurotransmitters?

Accepted Answer

Neurohormones circulate in the bloodstream and affect multiple tissues, while neurotransmitters act locally and are rapidly degraded.

Question 9

Which equation best represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential of an ion across a membrane?

Accepted Answer

$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{outside}}}{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{inside}}} ight)$$

Question 10

During an action potential, which ion is primarily responsible for depolarization of the neuron?

Accepted Answer

Sodium ($$Na^+)$$

Question 11

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the absolute refractory period of an action potential?

Accepted Answer

No new action potential can be initiated, regardless of stimulus strength.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of the Na/K pump in maintaining membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

It actively transports 3 $$Na^+$$ ions out and 2 $$K^+$$ ions in, maintaining the resting potential.

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of the cerebellum?

Accepted Answer

Coordination of voluntary movements and balance

Question 14

Which of the following statements about the organization of spinal nerves is correct?

Accepted Answer

Sensory information enters the spinal cord via the dorsal root, and motor information leaves via the ventral root.

Question 15

Which of the following is TRUE about the connection between the left and right sides of the cerebrum and the body?

Accepted Answer

The left side of the cerebrum controls the right side of the body and vice versa.

Question 16

Which of the following is a characteristic of the withdrawal reflex?

Accepted Answer

It is a polysynaptic reflex that removes a body part from a painful stimulus.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the difference between afferent and efferent divisions of the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Afferent carries sensory information to the CNS; efferent carries motor commands away from the CNS.

Question 18

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the myelination of neurons in the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Preganglionic neurons are usually myelinated, while postganglionic neurons are usually unmyelinated.

Question 19

Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholinesterase

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