Question 1

A patient is given a medication that cannot diffuse through the epithelial walls of blood vessels due to its inability to cross cell membranes. This is an example of which essential function of living cells?

Accepted Answer

Membrane selectivity

Question 2

Which of the following are types of the extracellular body fluid compartment?

Accepted Answer

A and B only

Question 3

A patient is experiencing dehydration. Which of the following best illustrates the concept of homeostasis in response to this condition?

Accepted Answer

Increased secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the pituitary gland

Question 4

Calcium regulation in the plasma is a low plasma calcium is detected by the parathyroid gland, which in turn secretes a hormone (PTH) that stimulates osteoclast cells in the bone to dissolve matrix releasing calcium into the blood, raising plasma calcium. Which of the following is true for this homeostatic system?

Accepted Answer

It is an example of a negative feedback loop

Question 5

Which of the following represents an example of potential energy in the body?

Accepted Answer

The energy stored in the concentration gradient of sodium ions

Question 6

Which of the following reactions indicates a response to an increase in plasma pH (say to 7.6)?

Accepted Answer

$$ \mathrm{HCO_3^-} + \mathrm{H^+} \rightarrow \mathrm{H_2CO_3} $$

Question 7

A pH change from 6 to 3 (as measured by the whole number pH value), indicates a hydrogen ion concentration that is:

Accepted Answer

1,000 times greater

Question 8

Which type of cell junction allows for cytoplasmic solutes to move from the interior of one cell to another?

Accepted Answer

Gap junctions

Question 9

A cell with normal tonicity is placed in a saline solution containing fewer solutes per solvent (water) than the cytosol. The solution it is immersed in is ______ and the cell will ______.

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic; increase intracellular volume

Question 10

Facilitated diffusion requires which of the following elements?

Accepted Answer

Transmembrane transport proteins only

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT true of transcription?

Accepted Answer

A small strand of DNA containing the base sequence for a polypeptide exits the nucleus to be translated in the cytoplasm

Question 12

During cellular death by necrosis, which of the events below occurs?

Accepted Answer

Cytoplasmic contents from damaged cells enter the interstitial spaces

Question 13

Which of the following are cardinal signs of inflammation EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Fever

Question 14

The protein that is abundantly incorporated into stratum corneum, hair shafts, and nails is ______.

Accepted Answer

Keratin

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of melanocytes in the skin?

Accepted Answer

They produce melanin, which absorbs UV light and protects the epidermis

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of Langerhans cells in the epidermis?

Accepted Answer

They act as antigen-presenting cells to help initiate immune responses

Question 17

During cold temperature stress, the skin attempts to regulate the rise via which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Constriction of blood vessels within the dermis

Question 18

Dermcidin is one of the many biological solutions the skin provides. This antimicrobial protein is produced by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Eccrine glands

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the initial molecular building block from which vitamin D is synthesized?

Accepted Answer

A non-polar fat soluble compound

Question 20

Immune cells that protect the skin against bacterial infections include:

Accepted Answer

All of the above

Comprehensive Study Notes: Anatomy & Physiology – Cells, Membranes, and Integumentary System

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