Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin during coagulation?

$$\mathrm{Prothrombin} + \text{Prothrombin activator} \rightarrow \mathrm{Thrombin}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best explains why erythrocytes are efficient at transporting oxygen throughout the body?

Accepted Answer

Their biconcave shape increases surface area for gas exchange and they are essentially bags of hemoglobin.

Question 2

A patient presents with a WBC count of 12,500 leukocytes/mm³. What is the most likely clinical interpretation?

Accepted Answer

The patient has leukocytosis, which generally indicates an infection.

Question 3

Which plasma protein is primarily responsible for regulating osmotic pressure in blood?

Accepted Answer

Albumin

Question 4

A blood sample is centrifuged. Which layer contains the majority of leukocytes and platelets?

Accepted Answer

Buffy coat

Question 5

A person with blood type AB can safely receive blood from which of the following types?

Accepted Answer

Types A, B, AB, and O

Question 6

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in hemostasis following a blood vessel injury?

Accepted Answer

Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation

Question 7

A newborn develops physiologic jaundice. Which of the following best explains the underlying cause?

Accepted Answer

The newborn's liver cannot rid the body of hemoglobin breakdown products fast enough.

Question 8

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating erythrocyte production in response to low blood oxygen levels?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin

Question 9

A patient with sickle cell anemia has abnormally shaped hemoglobin. What is the primary consequence of this abnormality?

Accepted Answer

Decreased oxygen-carrying ability of the blood

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of neutrophils in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

They act as phagocytes at active sites of infection.

Question 11

A woman who is Rh negative is pregnant with an Rh positive baby. Why is the first pregnancy usually not affected, but subsequent pregnancies are at risk?

Accepted Answer

The mother's immune system is sensitized after the first pregnancy and produces anti-Rh antibodies in subsequent pregnancies.

Question 12

Which of the following equations correctly represents the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin during coagulation?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{Prothrombin} + 	ext{Prothrombin activator} ightarrow \mathrm{Thrombin}$$

Question 13

Which of the following is a universal donor blood type and why?

Accepted Answer

Type O, because it lacks both A and B antigens

Question 14

A patient is diagnosed with thrombocytopenia. Which of the following symptoms would you expect?

Accepted Answer

Frequent bleeding from small blood vessels due to platelet deficiency

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of lymphocytes?

Accepted Answer

They play an important role in the immune response.

Question 16

Which of the following is true regarding the pH of blood?

Accepted Answer

Blood pH must remain between 7.35 and 7.45.

Question 17

Which of the following is the correct order of abundance for white blood cells in human blood?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the process of hematopoiesis?

Accepted Answer

Formation of blood cells occurs in the red bone marrow from a common stem cell called a hemocytoblast.

Question 19

A patient receives a transfusion of mismatched blood. Which of the following is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Agglutination, where antibodies cause the donor blood cells to clump.

Comprehensive Study Notes: Blood – Structure, Function, and Clinical Aspects

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