Q: A patient with a heart rate (HR) of 80 beats per minute and a stroke volume (SV) of 70 mL/beat has a cardiac output (CO) of:

$CO = HR \times SV = 80 \times 70 = 5600\ \text{mL/min}$

Question 1

Which of the following hormones is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and plays a key role in stimulating the thyroid gland to release its hormones?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 2

A patient receives a blood transfusion and develops a severe reaction. Laboratory tests reveal the presence of anti-B antibodies in the patient's plasma. Which blood type did the patient most likely receive that caused this reaction?

Accepted Answer

Type B

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the function of the semilunar valves in the heart?

Accepted Answer

They prevent backflow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles after ventricular contraction.

Question 4

A blood smear under the microscope shows numerous small, anucleate, biconcave cells. What is the primary function of these cells?

Accepted Answer

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 5

A patient with a heart rate (HR) of 80 beats per minute and a stroke volume (SV) of 70 mL/beat has a cardiac output (CO) of:

Accepted Answer

$CO = HR 	imes SV = 80 	imes 70 = 5600\ 	ext{mL/min}$

Question 6

Which of the following is a correct sequence of structures that an electrical impulse travels through in the intrinsic conduction system of the heart?

Accepted Answer

SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Purkinje fibers

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why arteries have thicker tunica media compared to veins?

Accepted Answer

Arteries carry blood away from the heart under higher pressure and require more smooth muscle for strength and elasticity.

Question 8

A patient is found to have a high white blood cell (WBC) count. Which of the following is the most likely significance of this finding?

Accepted Answer

The patient may be fighting an infection or experiencing inflammation.

Question 9

Which of the following statements about the lymphatic system is correct?

Accepted Answer

Lymphatic vessels return excess interstitial fluid to the venous system.

Question 10

A patient has a blood pressure reading of 120/80 mmHg. What is the mean arterial pressure (MAP)? Use the formula $MAP = \frac{1}{3} (	ext{Systolic} - 	ext{Diastolic}) + 	ext{Diastolic}$.

Accepted Answer

$MAP = \frac{1}{3} (120 - 80) + 80 = \frac{1}{3} (40) + 80 = 13.3 + 80 = 93.3\ 	ext{mmHg}$

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the function of the atrioventricular (AV) valves?

Accepted Answer

They prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria during ventricular contraction.

Question 12

A person with blood type AB negative needs a transfusion. Which of the following blood types is safest to give?

Accepted Answer

AB negative

Question 13

Which of the following is a major difference between arteries and veins when viewed under a microscope?

Accepted Answer

Arteries have a rounder, thicker wall and a smaller lumen compared to veins.

Question 14

During vigorous exercise, which of the following changes in blood pressure and pulse is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Both blood pressure and pulse increase.

Question 15

Which of the following best explains the significance of the Rh factor in blood transfusions?

Accepted Answer

Rh-positive individuals can safely receive Rh-negative blood.

Question 16

A patient is diagnosed with hypothyroidism. Which of the following symptoms is most likely to be observed?

Accepted Answer

Decreased metabolic rate and weight gain

Question 17

Which of the following is the main component of plasma in blood?

Accepted Answer

Water

Question 18

A patient has a pulse pressure of 40 mmHg and a diastolic pressure of 80 mmHg. What is the systolic pressure?

Accepted Answer

$	ext{Systolic} = 	ext{Pulse Pressure} + 	ext{Diastolic} = 40 + 80 = 120\ 	ext{mmHg}$

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of lymph nodes?

Accepted Answer

They filter lymph and house immune cells that respond to pathogens.

Question 20

A patient is found to have a deficiency in platelets. Which of the following symptoms is most likely to be observed?

Accepted Answer

Difficulty in blood clotting and increased bleeding

Comprehensive Study Notes: Cardiovascular, Endocrine, and Lymphatic Systems

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