Q: Which of the following is a correct formula for calculating cardiac output ($CO$)?

$CO = Stroke\ Volume \times Heart\ Rate$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of albumin in blood plasma?

Accepted Answer

It maintains osmotic pressure and transports various substances.

Question 2

A patient presents with excessive urination and thirst. Laboratory tests reveal low levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Which endocrine disorder is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes insipidus

Question 3

Which hormone is released from the anterior pituitary and stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)

Question 4

A blood sample contains the following percentages: 45% red blood cells, 1% white blood cells and platelets, and 54% plasma. What is the hematocrit value?

Accepted Answer

$45\%$

Question 5

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the process of hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation

Question 6

A patient with sickle cell anemia has abnormal hemoglobin. Which genetic inheritance pattern is responsible for this condition?

Accepted Answer

Autosomal recessive

Question 7

Which of the following equations correctly represents the calculation of mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

Accepted Answer

$MAP = Diastolic\ Pressure + \frac{1}{3}(Systolic\ Pressure - Diastolic\ Pressure)$

Question 8

Which of the following best explains the difference between up-regulation and down-regulation of hormone receptors?

Accepted Answer

Up-regulation increases the number of receptors, while down-regulation decreases them.

Question 9

A patient receives a blood transfusion and develops agglutination. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

The donor blood was type A and the recipient was type B.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?

Accepted Answer

Producing red blood cells in adults

Question 11

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during labor and milk ejection during breastfeeding?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary glands?

Accepted Answer

The anterior pituitary produces and releases its own hormones, while the posterior pituitary stores and releases hormones made by the hypothalamus.

Question 13

A patient with a blocked lymphatic vessel in the leg develops swelling. What is the physiological term for this condition?

Accepted Answer

Edema

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct description of the function of erythrocytes?

Accepted Answer

They transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct formula for calculating cardiac output ($CO$)?

Accepted Answer

$CO = Stroke\ Volume 	imes Heart\ Rate$

Question 16

Which of the following is a primary function of lymph nodes?

Accepted Answer

Filtering lymph and activating immune responses

Question 17

A patient with a deficiency in vitamin K is most likely to experience problems with which physiological process?

Accepted Answer

Blood clotting

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of antigens in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

They are molecules that trigger an immune response.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct description of passive immunity?

Accepted Answer

It is acquired by receiving antibodies from another source.

Question 20

A woman who is Rh-negative is pregnant with an Rh-positive baby. What is the risk if she is not treated appropriately?

Accepted Answer

She may develop hemolytic disease of the newborn in subsequent pregnancies.

Comprehensive Study Notes: Endocrine, Blood, and Lymphatic Systems in Anatomy & Physiology

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