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Comprehensive Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology I (Chapters 1–15)

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What is Anatomy & Physiology?

  • What is Anatomy & Physiology? Example 3
    3:06
  • What is Anatomy & Physiology? Example 2
    01:58
  • The Difference Between Anatomy and Physiology
    03:04

Levels of Organization

  • The Levels of Organization
    05:04
  • Levels of Organization Example 1
    02:22

Homeostasis

  • Introduction to Homeostasis
    01:59
  • Homeostasis Example 1
    03:46

Feedback Loops

  • Introduction to Feedback Loops
    04:09
  • Feedback Loops Example 1
    01:57

Feedback Loops: Negative Feedback

  • Negative Feedback Loops
    03:26
  • Feedback Loops: Negative Feedback Example 1
    03:00
  • Feedback Loops: Negative Feedback Example 2
    02:17

Feedback Loops: Positive Feedback

  • Feedback Loops: Positive Feedback Example 1
    02:43
  • Positive Feedback Loops
    03:25

Atoms- Smallest Unit of Matter

  • Guided course
    Atoms- Smallest Unit of Matter Example 1
    02:13
  • Guided course
    Atoms- Smallest Unit of Matter Example 3
    03:51
  • Guided course
    Electron Orbitals & Energy Shells
    09:44

Isotopes

  • Guided course
    Isotopes
    06:50
  • Guided course
    Radioactive Isotopes
    03:27

Introduction to Chemical Bonding

  • Guided course
    Intramolecular vs. Intermolecular Bonds
    03:53
  • Guided course
    Map of the Lesson on Chemical Bonding
    02:42
  • Guided course
    Introduction to Chemical Bonding
    06:53

Ionic Bonding

  • Guided course
    Ions: Anions vs. Cations
    04:34
  • Guided course
    Ionic Bonds
    06:07

Covalent Bonds

  • Guided course
    Covalent Bonds
    04:28
  • Guided course
    Polar Covalent Bonds
    06:59
  • Guided course
    Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
    05:58

Hydrogen Bonding

  • Guided course
    Hydrogen Bonding
    05:03

Introduction to Water

  • Guided course
    Introduction to Water
    01:54
  • Guided course
    Introduction to Water Example 1
    01:51
  • Guided course
    Emergent Properties of Water
    01:29

Properties of Water- The Universal Solvent

  • Guided course
    Properties of Water- The Universal Solvent
    05:19
  • Guided course
    Hydrophilic vs. Hydrophobic
    03:43
  • Guided course
    Homogenous vs. Heterogenous Solutions
    02:19

Acids and Bases

  • Guided course
    Acids
    02:45
  • Guided course
    Acids and Bases
    01:29
  • Guided course
    Bases
    02:54

pH Scale

  • Guided course
    Buffers
    05:38
  • Guided course
    pH Scale
    07:58

Carbon

  • Guided course
    Carbon is an Excellent Building Block
    03:35
  • Guided course
    Carbon
    04:19

Introduction to Biomolecules

  • Guided course
    Introduction to Biomolecules
    01:22
  • Guided course
    Map of the Lesson on Biomolecules
    02:00

Carbohydrates

  • Guided course
    Formation & Breakdown of Polysaccharides
    03:08
  • Guided course
    Carbohydrates
    04:53
  • Guided course
    Carbohydrate Functions
    05:08

Lipids

  • Guided course
    Steroids & Waxes
    03:31
  • Guided course
    Lipids
    04:19
  • Guided course
    Fatty Acids
    06:59

Proteins

  • Guided course
    Protein Structure
    04:53
  • Guided course
    Amino Acids
    04:37
  • Guided course
    Proteins
    02:50

Nucleic Acids

  • Guided course
    Nucleic Acids Example 2
    01:05
  • Guided course
    Formation & Breakdown of Nucleic Acids
    04:07
  • Guided course
    DNA vs. RNA
    05:57

Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells

  • Guided course
    Recap: Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
    04:26
  • Guided course
    Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells
    05:54
  • Guided course
    Features of Bacterial Cells
    03:54

Introduction to Eukaryotic Organelles

  • Guided course
    Introduction to Eukaryotic Organelles
    03:45
  • Guided course
    Ribosomes
    05:32
  • Guided course
    Map of the Lesson on Eukaryotic Organelles
    02:04

Mitochondria & Chloroplasts

  • Guided course
    Chloroplasts
    03:15
  • Guided course
    Chloroplast Structure
    03:49
  • Guided course
    Mitochondria Structure
    04:45

Introduction to the Cytoskeleton

  • Guided course
    Cilia & Flagella
    03:14
  • Guided course
    Introduction to the Cytoskeleton
    06:05

Cell Junctions

  • Guided course
    Cell Junctions
    05:33

Biological Membranes

  • Guided course
    Biological Membranes Example 1
    02:21
  • Guided course
    Biological Membranes
    06:49

Types of Membrane Proteins

  • Guided course
    Membrane Protein Functions
    03:54
  • Guided course
    Types of Membrane Proteins
    03:05

Concentration Gradients and Diffusion

  • Guided course
    Diffusion
    02:44
  • Guided course
    Concentration Gradients and Diffusion
    04:51

Introduction to Membrane Transport

  • Guided course
    Map of the Lesson on Membrane Transport
    02:26
  • Guided course
    Introduction to Membrane Transport
    03:00
  • Guided course
    Which Molecules Freely Cross Membranes?
    07:10

Passive vs. Active Transport

  • Guided course
    Classes of Membrane Transport Proteins
    03:41
  • Guided course
    Passive vs. Active Transport
    05:05

Osmosis

  • Guided course
    Osmosis Example 1
    02:18
  • Guided course
    Osmosis
    05:59
  • Guided course
    Direction of Osmosis
    06:48

Simple and Facilitated Diffusion

  • Guided course
    Simple and Facilitated Diffusion
    04:59
  • Guided course
    Transport Proteins of Facilitated Diffusion
    04:49

Active Transport

  • Guided course
    Secondary Active Transport
    06:57
  • Guided course
    Active Transport
    02:37
  • Guided course
    Primary Active Transport
    02:53

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

  • Guided course
    Endocytosis and Exocytosis Example 1
    01:52
  • Guided course
    Endocytosis Allows Entry to the Cell
    04:17
  • Guided course
    Exocytosis Allows Exiting from the Cell
    02:28

Introduction to Cell Division

  • Guided course
    Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction
    04:44
  • Guided course
    Introduction to Cell Division
    09:40
  • Guided course
    Importance of Cell Division
    03:18

Introduction to the Cell Cycle

  • Guided course
    Introduction to the Cell Cycle
    04:46

Interphase

  • Guided course
    Centrosomes & Mitotic Spindles
    04:02
  • Guided course
    Interphase
    08:05

Phases of Mitosis

  • Guided course
    Phases of Mitosis
    03:21
  • Guided course
    Metaphase
    01:58
  • Guided course
    Prometaphase
    03:20

Cytokinesis

  • Guided course
    Animal Cell Cytokinesis
    02:56
  • Guided course
    Cytokinesis
    01:25
  • Guided course
    Cytokinesis Example 1
    01:59

Cell Cycle Regulation

  • Guided course
    Cell Cycle Regulation
    03:31
  • Guided course
    Cell Cycle Checkpoints
    06:32

Introduction to DNA Replication

  • Guided course
    Unwinding the DNA: Topoisomerase, Helicase & SSBs
    05:10
  • Guided course
    Components of DNA Replication
    04:47
  • Guided course
    Origin of Replication
    03:33

Central Dogma

  • Guided course
    Central Dogma
    05:45

Introduction to Transcription

  • Guided course
    Overview of Transcription
    07:44
  • Guided course
    Introduction to Transcription
    05:51

Steps of Transcription

  • Guided course
    3) Termination of Transcription
    02:44
  • Guided course
    1) Initiation of Transcription
    04:16
  • Guided course
    1) Elongation of Transcription
    04:01

Genetic Code

  • Guided course
    How to Use the Genetic Code
    11:39
  • Guided course
    Genetic Code
    01:28

Introduction to Translation

  • Guided course
    Ribosomal tRNA Binding Sites
    06:16
  • Guided course
    Ribosome Subunits
    08:42
  • Guided course
    Introduction to Translation
    06:12

Steps of Translation

  • Guided course
    2) Elongation of Translation
    04:59
  • Guided course
    3) Termination of Translation
    02:16
  • Guided course
    1) Initiation of Translation
    05:03

Post-Translational Modification

  • Guided course
    Post-Translational Modification
    04:26

Introduction to Tissues & Histology

  • Map of the Lesson on Tissues
    03:32
  • What is Histology?
    02:52
  • Intro to Human Tissues
    04:14

Introduction to Epithelial Tissue

  • Functions of Epithelial Tissue
    07:25
  • Intro to Epithelia
    03:40
  • Introduction to Epithelial Tissue Example 1
    05:24

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue

  • Characteristic 5: Highly Regenerative
    02:49
  • Characteristic 2: Tightly Pressed Tissue Anchored to Basement Membrane
    06:01
  • Characteristic 1: Polarity
    04:15

Structural Naming of Epithelial Tissue

  • Structural Naming of Epithelial Tissue Example 1
    02:41
  • Structural Naming of Epithelia
    09:53

Simple Epithelial Tissues

  • Simple Epithelial Tissues Example 1
    03:38
  • Four Simple Epithelial Tissues
    01:09
  • Simple Cuboidal Epithelia
    04:49

Stratified Epithelial Tissues

  • Four Stratified Epithelial Tissues
    00:53
  • Stratified Epithelial Tissues Example 1
    04:44
  • Stratified Columnar Epithelia
    06:00

Identifying Types of Epithelial Tissue

  • Identifying Types of Epithelial Tissue Example 1
    07:25
  • Epithelium Identification Flow Chart
    16:19

Glandular Epithelial Tissue

  • Glandular Epithelial Tissue Example 1
    01:53
  • Unicellular Exocrine Glands - Goblet Cells
    04:39
  • Modes of Secretion: Merocrine, Holocrine & Apocrine
    05:35

Introduction to Connective Tissue

  • Functions of Connective Tissue
    06:37
  • Functions: Epithelial vs. Connective Tissue
    08:54
  • Introduction to Connective Tissue Example 1
    01:32

Classes of Connective Tissue

  • Grouping Connective Tissues
    05:58

Introduction to Connective Tissue Proper

  • Intro to Connective Tissue Proper
    04:26
  • Introduction to Connective Tissue Proper Example 1
    03:18
  • 3 Types of Protein Fibers
    05:36

Connective Tissue Proper: Loose Connective Tissue

  • Review of Loose Connective Tissues
    09:28
  • Areolar Connective Tissue
    08:25
  • Connective Tissue Proper: Loose Connective Tissue Example 1
    03:25

Connective Tissue Proper: Dense Connective Tissue

  • Putting It Together: What is Under Your Skin?
    02:52
  • Dense Regular Connective Tissue
    06:29
  • Dense Connective Tissue
    03:17

Specialized Connective Tissue: Cartilage

  • Specialized Connective Tissue: Cartilage Example 1
    01:27
  • Hyaline Cartilage
    05:36
  • Fibrocartilage
    05:20

Specialized Connective Tissue: Bone

  • Intro to Bones
    06:31
  • Specialized Connective Tissue: Bone Example 1
    02:48

Specialized Connective Tissue: Blood

  • Intro to Blood
    04:56
  • Specialized Connective Tissue: Blood Example 1
    02:26

Introduction to Muscle Tissue

  • Intro to Muscle Tissue
    04:47

Types of Muscle Tissue

  • 3 Types of Muscle Tissue
    00:36
  • Skeletal Muscle Tissue
    06:56
  • Review of Types of Muscle Tissue
    07:35

Introduction to Nervous Tissue

  • Intro to Nervous Tissue
    04:36

Introduction to the Integumentary System

  • Guided course
    Introduction to the Integumentary System
    06:54
  • Guided course
    Integumentary System Functions
    03:40
  • Guided course
    Map of the Lesson on Integumentary System
    02:47

The Epidermis: Cells

  • Guided course
    The Epidermis: Cells Example 1
    03:17
  • Guided course
    Keratinocytes
    04:22
  • Guided course
    The Epidermis: Cells Example 2
    02:10

The Epidermis: Layers

  • Guided course
    The Epidermis: Layers Example 1
    02:36
  • Guided course
    Epidermal Layers: Stratum Spinosum (Spiny Layer)
    04:52
  • Guided course
    The Epidermis: Layers Example 3
    04:34

The Dermis

  • Guided course
    Introduction to the Dermis
    01:20
  • Guided course
    The Dermis Example 1
    3:00
  • Guided course
    1st Dermal Layer
    06:14

The Hypodermis

  • Guided course
    The Hypodermis
    02:44
  • Guided course
    The Hypodermis Example 1
    01:28

Glands

    Hair

      Nails

        An Introduction to Bone and Skeletal Tissue

        • What is Bone?
          3:56
        • An Introduction to Bone and Skeletal Tissue Example 2
          3:00
        • Types of Bones
          4:14

        Gross Anatomy of Bone: Compact and Spongy Bone

        • Gross Anatomy of Bone: Compact and Spongy Bone Example 1
          2:05
        • Compact and Spongy Bone
          3:43

        Gross Anatomy of Bone: Periosteum and Endosteum

        • Gross Anatomy of Bone: Periosteum and Endosteum Example 1
          2:54
        • Periosteum and Endosteum
          5:15

        Gross Anatomy of Bone: Bone Marrow

        • Bone Marrow
          3:39
        • Gross Anatomy of Bone: Bone Marrow Example 1
          1:31

        Gross Anatomy of Bone: Short, Flat, and Irregular Bones

        • Short, Flat, and Irregular Bones
          2:58
        • Gross Anatomy of Bone: Short, Flat, and Irregular Bones Example 1
          1:01

        Gross Anatomy of Bones - Structure of a Long Bone

        • Overview of Long Bones
          6:19
        • Gross Anatomy of Bones - Structure of a Long Bone Example 1
          3:22
        • Gross Anatomy of Bones - Structure of a Long Bone Example 2
          2:37

        Microscopic Anatomy of Bones - Bone Matrix

        • Microscopic Anatomy of Bones - Bone Matrix Example 1
          2:40
        • Bone Matrix
          3:31

        Microscopic Anatomy of Bones - Bone Cells

        • Osteoblasts
          2:56
        • Introduction to Bone Cells
          4:19
        • Osteoclasts
          4:34

        Microscopic Anatomy of Bones - The Osteon

        • Microscopic Anatomy of Bones - The Osteon Example 1
          2:05
        • Structure of Lamellae
          2:52
        • Osteon
          5:39

        Microscopic Anatomy of Bones - Trabeculae

        • Microscopic Anatomy of Bones - Trabeculae Example 1
          3:48
        • Trabeculae
          4:06

        Introduction to the Skeleton

        • Skeletal System
          4:50

        The Skull

        • The Skull Example 1
          2:12
        • Introduction to the Skull
          4:42
        • The Skull Example 3
          3:40

        The Spine

        • Spine (Vertebral Column)
          6:29
        • The Spine Example 1
          5:17

        The Thoracic Cage

        • Thoracic Cage
          5:03
        • The Thoracic Cage Example 1
          2:45

        The Pectoral Girdle

        • Pectoral Girdle
          6:23
        • The Pectoral Girdle Example 1
          2:48

        Bones of the Upper Limb

        • Overview of the Arm and Forearm
          5:30
        • Bones of the Upper Limb Example 1
          1:28
        • Overview of the Wrist and Hand
          5:04

        The Pelvic Girdle

        • Differences Between the Male and Female Pelvis
          3:15
        • Pelvic Girdle
          8:07
        • The Pelvic Girdle Example 1
          3:00

        Bone of the Lower Limb

        • Bone of the Lower Limb Example 2
          1:16
        • Bones of the Thigh and Leg
          4:40
        • Bones of the Foot
          5:07

        Introduction to Joints

        • Guided course
          Introduction to Joints Example 1
          04:06
        • Guided course
          Map of the Lesson on Joints
          05:29
        • Guided course
          Introduction to Joints
          05:39

        Classification of Joints

        • Guided course
          Classification of Joints Example 1
          01:43
        • Guided course
          Classification of Joints Example 2
          01:33
        • Guided course
          Introduction to Classification of Joints
          01:19

        Structural Class: Fibrous Joints

        • Guided course
          Sutures
          07:31
        • Guided course
          Structural Class: Fibrous Joints Example 2
          02:23
        • Guided course
          Syndesmosis (Pleural: Syndesmoses)
          04:28

        Structural Class: Cartilaginous Joints

        • Guided course
          Structural Class: Cartilaginous Joints Example 2
          01:39
        • Guided course
          Synchondrosis (Plural: Synchondroses)
          05:22
        • Guided course
          Structural Class: Cartilaginous Joints Example 1
          02:23

        Structural Class: Synovial Joints

        • Guided course
          Structural Class: Synovial Joints Example 1
          2:15
        • Guided course
          Weeping Lubrication
          2:42
        • Guided course
          Additional Features
          4:08

        Introduction to Muscles and Muscle Tissue

        • Types of Muscle Tissue
          6:31
        • Introduction to Muscles and Muscle Tissue Example 1
          2:00
        • Properties of Muscle Tissue
          4:36

        Structure of a Skeletal Muscle

        • The Muscle Fiber
          7:47
        • Structure of a Skeletal Muscle Example 2
          2:46
        • Structure of a Skeletal Muscle Example 1
          3:04

        Sliding Filament Theory and the Sarcomere

        • Structure of the Sarcomere: Bands, Zones, Discs & Lines
          6:01
        • Proteins of the Sarcomere
          7:18
        • Sliding Filament Theory and the Sacromere Example 2
          2:26

        Steps of Muscle Contraction

        • B. Excitation-Contraction Coupling
          5:47
        • C. Cross Bridge Cycle
          7:39
        • Steps of Muscle Contraction Example 3
          3:26

        Origin and Insertion

        • Origin and Insertion
          5:39
        • Origin and Insertion Example 1
          2:51

        Muscle Actions

        • Muscle Actions Example 1
          3:55
        • Muscle Actions
          5:41

        Levers

        • Lever Systems
          8:14
        • Levers Example 1
          3:33

        Fascicle Arrangements

        • Fascicle Arrangements
          8:11
        • Fascicle Arrangements Example 1
          2:29

        Muscle Naming

        • Muscle Naming
          4:43
        • Muscle Naming Example 1
          4:32

        Ions - Sodium and Potassium

        • Standard Sodium and Potassium Concentrations
          03:35
        • The Sodium Potassium Pump
          03:40
        • Ions - Sodium and Potassium Example 3
          01:55

        Resting Membrane Potential

        • Resting Membrane Potential
          07:53
        • Resting Membrane Potential Example 1
          01:28

        Change in Membrane Potential

        • Change in Membrane Potential Example 1
          01:45
        • Change in Membrane Potential
          03:31

        Properties of Graded and Action Potentials

        • Graded and Action Potentials
          05:17
        • Properties of Graded and Action Potentials Example 1
          01:26

        Graded Potentials

        • Summation
          03:50
        • Graded Potentials Example 2
          01:45
        • Graded Potentials Example 1
          01:02

        Action Potentials

        • Action Potentials Example 1
          02:36
        • Action Potential
          03:53

        The Refractory Period

        • The Refractory Period Example 1
          01:10
        • Refractory Period
          06:26

        Propagation of Action Potentials

        • Propagation of Action Potentials Example 1
          02:01
        • Types of Propagation: Saltatory Conduction
          03:11
        • Types of Propagation: Continuous Conduction
          03:50

        Introduction to the Central Nervous System

        • Introduction to the Central Nervous System Example 1
          0:50
        • White & Gray Matter
          2:41
        • CNS Development
          3:34

        The Cerebrum

        • The Cerebrum Example 4
          1:40
        • The Cerebrum Example 5
          1:20
        • Important Features of the Cerebrum
          5:10

        Introduction to the Peripheral Nervous System

        • Introduction to the Peripheral Nervous System Example 1
          1:06
        • Peripheral Nervous System
          3:33

        Organization of Sensory Pathways

        • Organization of Sensory Pathways Example 2
          1:34
        • Somatosensory System
          3:34
        • Receptor Level
          4:47

        Introduction to Sensory Receptors

        • Sensory Receptors
          2:47
        • Introduction to Sensory Receptors Example 1
          1:36

        Sensory Receptor Classification by Modality

        • Sensory Receptor Classification by Modality Example 1
          2:49
        • Sensory Receptor Classification by Modality
          2:11

        Sensory Receptor Classification by Location

        • Sensory Receptor Classification by Location
          3:49
        • Sensory Receptor Classification by Location Example 1
          1:22

        Proprioceptors

        • Proprioceptors Example 1
          1:01
        • Proprioceptors
          3:52

        Adaptation of Sensory Receptors

        • Adaptation of Sensory Receptors Example 1
          1:17
        • Adaptation
          4:49

        Introduction to Reflex Arcs

        • Introduction to Reflex Arcs Example 2
          0:41
        • Introduction to Reflex Arcs
          4:03
        • Types of Reflex Arcs
          5:15

        Reflex Arcs

        • Reflex Arcs Example 1
          1:09
        • Tendon Reflex
          3:01
        • Stretch Reflex
          3:37

        Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System

        • Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System Example 1
          1:10
        • Somatic vs. Autonomic Nervous System
          1:50
        • Divisions of the ANS
          3:10

        Control of the ANS

        • Control of the ANS Example 1
          0:45
        • Control of the ANS Example 2
          2:05
        • Levels of Control in the ANS
          3:33

        Sympathetic Nervous System

        • The Sympathetic Subway
          5:03
        • Sympathetic Nervous System Example 3
          1:21
        • Splanchnic Nerves and the Adrenal Medulla
          4:04

        Parasympathetic Nervous System

        • Parasympathetic Nervous System Example 2
          0:56
        • Parasympathetic Nervous System Example 1
          1:35
        • Function of the Parasympathetic Nervous System
          1:56

        Review of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions

        • Review of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions Example 1
          0:52
        • Review of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions
          4:39

        Neurotransmitters of the ANS

        • Neurotransmitters of the ANS Example 2
          1:09
        • Receptors at Target Organs
          2:50
        • Neurotransmitters of the ANS
          4:14

        Visceral Reflex Arcs

        • Visceral Reflex Arcs Example 1
          1:03
        • Visceral Reflex Arcs
          2:12

        Introduction to the Endocrine System

        • Components of the Endocrine System
          7:06
        • Hormones
          6:20
        • Introduction to the Endocrine System Example 1
          3:33