Question 1

Which of the following best describes the tertiary structure of a protein?

Accepted Answer

The folding of a single polypeptide into a three-dimensional shape stabilized by disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions.

Question 2

A patient is given a drug that acts as a competitive inhibitor for an enzyme involved in glycolysis. Which of the following strategies would most effectively reverse the drug’s effect?

Accepted Answer

Increase the concentration of the substrate for the enzyme.

Question 3

Which equation represents the bicarbonate buffer system that helps maintain blood pH?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{CO}_2 + \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} \leftrightarrow \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{CO}_3 \leftrightarrow \mathrm{H}^+ + \mathrm{HCO}_3^-$$

Question 4

During intense exercise, muscle cells produce lactate and H⁺ ions. What is the effect on blood pH, and which buffer system responds?

Accepted Answer

Blood pH decreases; bicarbonate buffer system responds.

Question 5

Which of the following statements about the Na⁺/K⁺ pump is correct?

Accepted Answer

It moves three sodium ions out of the cell and two potassium ions in, using ATP.

Question 6

A neuron’s membrane potential changes from –70 mV to +30 mV. Which process is occurring, and which ion is primarily responsible?

Accepted Answer

Depolarization; sodium ions ($$\mathrm{Na}^+) $$entering the cell.

Question 7

Which hormone is released by the anterior pituitary to stimulate cortisol production in the adrenal cortex?

Accepted Answer

ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)

Question 8

Which of the following is the correct sequence for cellular respiration intermediates?

Accepted Answer

Glucose → Pyruvate → Acetyl-CoA → Oxaloacetate

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why red blood cells rely solely on glycolysis for ATP production?

Accepted Answer

They lack mitochondria, so aerobic metabolism cannot occur.

Question 10

Which hormone increases blood calcium levels by acting on bone, kidneys, and indirectly on the intestine?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 11

A child with a genetic disorder cannot use glycogen for energy. Which sequence of energy sources will the body use during fasting?

Accepted Answer

Fatty acids first, then amino acids.

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of microglia in the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Removing pathogens and debris as the immune cells of the CNS.

Question 13

Which process describes the breakdown of fats into glycerol and fatty acids?

Accepted Answer

Lipolysis

Question 14

Which of the following statements about hemoglobin is correct?

Accepted Answer

Hemoglobin’s quaternary structure allows it to bind four oxygen molecules.

Question 15

Which hormone is responsible for milk ejection from the mammary glands?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Question 16

Which of the following is true regarding the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

Accepted Answer

It shifts right with increased CO₂, increased temperature, and decreased pH.

Question 17

Which of the following is the correct formula for ATP synthesis by ATP synthase?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P}_i \rightarrow \mathrm{ATP}$$

Question 18

Which structure connects the two cerebral hemispheres and is responsible for communication between them?

Accepted Answer

Corpus callosum

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct statement about the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

Accepted Answer

It is maintained by the Na⁺/K⁺ pump and potassium leak channels, resulting in a value around –70 mV.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the effect of hyperventilation on blood pH?

Accepted Answer

It causes respiratory alkalosis by decreasing CO₂ levels.

Comprehensive Study Notes for ANP College: Molecular Interactions, Cellular Metabolism, Membrane Dynamics, Endocrine, Nervous, Sensory, Blood, and Respiratory Physiology

Study Guide - Practice Questions

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