Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining cellular homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

It pumps three sodium ions out and two potassium ions in, using ATP: $$3 \mathrm{Na}^+_{	ext{out}} : 2 \mathrm{K}^+_{	ext{in}}$$

Question 2

A patient presents with muscle weakness and fatigue. Blood tests reveal low calcium levels. Which hormone is most likely underactive, and what is its primary effect on bone?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); increases bone resorption by osteoclasts

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why simple squamous epithelium is found lining blood vessels?

Accepted Answer

It allows rapid diffusion of gases and nutrients due to its thin structure.

Question 4

Which of the following is a correct description of the structure of a phospholipid molecule in the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

A hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails

Question 5

A patient suffers a spinal cord injury at the level of the cervical vertebrae. Which of the following structures is most likely affected, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Atlas (C1); allows nodding movement of the head

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the role of ATP in muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

ATP is required for the detachment of myosin heads from actin filaments.

Question 7

Which of the following is a function of the integumentary system that is directly related to homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Thermoregulation through sweat gland activity

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion across the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Simple diffusion moves molecules directly through the lipid bilayer, while facilitated diffusion uses membrane proteins.

Question 9

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the generation of an action potential in a neuron?

Accepted Answer

Depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization

Question 10

Which of the following best explains the function of osteoclasts in bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclasts break down bone matrix, releasing calcium into the blood.

Question 11

A patient is unable to produce sufficient insulin. Which type of epithelial tissue is most likely affected in the pancreas?

Accepted Answer

Glandular epithelium

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct description of the function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?

Accepted Answer

It prevents the entry of most pathogens and toxins into the brain.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

It stores and releases calcium ions ($$\mathrm{Ca}^{2+}) to $$trigger contraction.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct statement about the structure of DNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA is a double helix composed of nucleotides containing deoxyribose sugar.

Question 15

Which of the following best explains the function of the myelin sheath in neurons?

Accepted Answer

It increases the speed of action potential propagation along the axon.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct description of the function of the hypothalamus?

Accepted Answer

It regulates homeostatic functions such as temperature, hunger, and thirst.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the difference between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac muscle is involuntary and fatigue-resistant; skeletal muscle is voluntary and can fatigue.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains the function of the semicircular ducts in the inner ear?

Accepted Answer

They detect rotational acceleration of the head.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct statement about synovial joints?

Accepted Answer

They are freely movable and contain a synovial cavity filled with fluid.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the process of endochondral ossification?

Accepted Answer

Bone develops from a hyaline cartilage model that is gradually replaced by bone tissue.

Comprehensive Study Notes for Human Anatomy and Physiology (BMSP 2135 Final Exam Review)

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