Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between polar and non-polar molecules, using water as an example?

Accepted Answer

Polar molecules have an uneven distribution of charge, resulting in a positive and negative end, making them hydrophilic, like water ($\mathrm{H_2O}$).

Question 2

Which organelle is primarily responsible for the synthesis of proteins, and what is its relationship to the endoplasmic reticulum?

Accepted Answer

Ribosome; it is the site of protein synthesis and can be attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 3

A patient has a genetic disorder caused by a gene located on the X chromosome. Which statement best explains why this disorder is more common in males than females?

Accepted Answer

Males have only one X chromosome, so if they inherit the gene, they will express the disorder.

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the function of ATP ($\mathrm{adenosine\ triphosphate}$) in the cell?

Accepted Answer

ATP is an energy-carrying molecule that powers cellular functions such as muscle contraction and synthesis of DNA and RNA.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in the cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Storage of genetic information

Question 6

During mitosis, which phase is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes along the center of the cell?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 7

Which of the following statements about acids and bases is correct?

Accepted Answer

An acid is a substance that can act as a proton donor ($\mathrm{H^+}$), while a base can accept hydrogen ions or produce hydroxide ions ($\mathrm{OH^-}$).

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the difference between somatic and gametic cells in humans?

Accepted Answer

Somatic cells are diploid with 46 chromosomes, while gametic cells are haploid with 23 chromosomes.

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct statement about the pH scale?

Accepted Answer

A pH of 14 is considered basic.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of the fluid mosaic model in cell membrane structure?

Accepted Answer

It describes the cell membrane as a dynamic structure with proteins and lipids moving together, allowing molecules to flow around the membrane.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes?

Accepted Answer

Autosomes are chromosomes that contain genes for anything that doesn’t relate to sex determination, while sex chromosomes determine sex.

Question 12

Which of the following is true regarding tight junctions in epithelial tissue?

Accepted Answer

They prevent the movement of substances between adjacent cells, creating a barrier.

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct description of homologous chromosomes?

Accepted Answer

Chromosomes that have similar anatomical structures and contain genes for the same traits, one from each parent.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of organic compounds?

Accepted Answer

Usually do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the process of cytokinesis?

Accepted Answer

Division of the cytoplasm following mitosis or meiosis

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Packaging and processing proteins for transport to their destination

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis creates 2 genetically identical diploid cells for growth and repair, while meiosis creates 4 genetically unique haploid cells for sexual reproduction.

Question 18

Which of the following is true about the inheritance of traits determined by genes on the X chromosome?

Accepted Answer

X-linked traits only appear if all X chromosomes carry the trait, making them more common in males.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of carbohydrates in the cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

They provide structural support and are involved in cell recognition and communication.

Comprehensive Study Notes: Foundations of Anatomy & Physiology

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