Question 1

Which of the following best describes the tertiary structure of a protein?

Accepted Answer

The 3D folding of a single polypeptide stabilized by disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions.

Question 2

A patient is given a drug that acts as a competitive inhibitor for an enzyme involved in glycolysis. Which of the following would be the most effective antidote?

Accepted Answer

Supply a large amount of the correct substrate to outcompete the inhibitor at the active site.

Question 3

Which equation represents the bicarbonate buffer system that helps maintain blood pH?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{CO_2$ + H_2O \leftrightarrow H_2CO_3 \leftrightarrow H^+ + $$HCO_3$$^-}$$

Question 4

During intense exercise, which of the following changes occurs in muscle cells?

Accepted Answer

Lactate and H$$^+$$ accumulate, causing a drop in pH and increased acidity.

Question 5

Which of the following statements about the Na$$^+/K$^+$$ pump is correct?

Accepted Answer

It uses ATP to pump three sodium ions out of the cell and two potassium ions in.

Question 6

Which hormone is released by the anterior pituitary to stimulate the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol?

Accepted Answer

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

Question 7

A neuron’s membrane potential changes from –70 mV toward +30 mV. What is this process called, and which ion is primarily responsible?

Accepted Answer

Depolarization; sodium ions (Na$$^+) $$entering the cell.

Question 8

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

Accepted Answer

It shifts right when CO$$_2$$ increases, temperature rises, or pH decreases, causing hemoglobin to release oxygen more readily.

Question 9

Which of the following is a function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Accepted Answer

Increases blood calcium by stimulating bone resorption, kidney reabsorption, and vitamin D activation.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the process of gluconeogenesis?

Accepted Answer

The synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources such as amino acids or glycerol.

Question 11

Which of the following is TRUE about the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

Accepted Answer

It is maintained by the Na$$^+/K$^+$$ pump and potassium leak channels, resulting in a potential of approximately –70 mV.

Question 12

Which of the following is the correct sequence for cellular respiration intermediates?

Accepted Answer

Glucose → Pyruvate → Acetyl-CoA → Oxaloacetate

Question 13

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the transport of carbon dioxide in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Most CO$$_2 is $$transported as bicarbonate ions (HCO$$_3^-) in $$plasma.

Question 14

Which hormone is responsible for milk ejection from the mammary glands?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Question 15

Which of the following statements about red blood cell production is correct?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels and stimulates red bone marrow to produce RBCs.

Question 16

Which of the following is TRUE about the action potential in neurons?

Accepted Answer

The rising phase is caused by rapid entry of Na$$^+$$ after voltage-gated Na$$^+$$ channels open.

Question 17

Which of the following is the primary function of Type II alveolar cells?

Accepted Answer

Produce surfactant to reduce surface tension in the alveoli.

Question 18

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the hormone calcitonin?

Accepted Answer

It is produced by C cells of the thyroid and lowers blood calcium levels.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the effect of hyperventilation on blood pH?

Accepted Answer

It causes respiratory alkalosis by decreasing CO$$_2$$ levels.

Comprehensive Study Notes: Molecular Interactions, Cellular Metabolism, Membrane Dynamics, Endocrine, Nervous, Sensory, Blood, and Respiratory Physiology

Study Guide - Practice Questions

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