Q: Which equation best represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential of an ion across a membrane?

$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[\text{ion outside}]}{[\text{ion inside}]} \right)$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the primary motor cortex located in the frontal lobe?

Accepted Answer

It initiates voluntary movements by sending signals to skeletal muscles.

Question 2

A patient presents with difficulty forming coherent speech but can understand spoken language. Which brain area is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Broca's Area

Question 3

Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for controlling the muscles of facial expression?

Accepted Answer

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Question 4

During an action potential, which ion is primarily responsible for the depolarization phase?

Accepted Answer

Sodium ($$\mathrm{Na}^+)$$

Question 5

Which layer of the meninges is closest to the brain and spinal cord, providing a delicate protective covering?

Accepted Answer

Pia mater

Question 6

A patient has lost sensation in the lateral forearm and weakness in elbow flexion. Which peripheral nerve is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Musculocutaneous nerve

Question 7

Which neurotransmitter is released at all parasympathetic postganglionic synapses?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the function of the thalamus?

Accepted Answer

It relays sensory information to the appropriate cortical areas.

Question 9

Which type of receptor is responsible for detecting changes in blood pressure within arteries?

Accepted Answer

Baroreceptor

Question 10

A person experiences increased heart rate, dilated pupils, and decreased digestive activity. Which division of the autonomic nervous system is primarily responsible?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic division

Question 11

Which equation best represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential of an ion across a membrane?

Accepted Answer

$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[	ext{ion outside}]}{[	ext{ion inside}]} ight)$$

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of the cerebellum?

Accepted Answer

It coordinates motor activity and maintains balance.

Question 13

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the function of the adrenal medulla in the sympathetic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

It releases epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the effect of activating muscarinic receptors in the heart?

Accepted Answer

Decreases heart rate by activating muscarinic receptors.

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of astrocytes in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Maintain the blood-brain barrier and provide structural support.

Question 16

A patient presents with loss of sensation in the medial thigh and difficulty adducting the leg. Which nerve is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Obturator nerve

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of the prefrontal cortex?

Accepted Answer

Responsible for higher-order cognitive functions such as decision-making and planning.

Question 18

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the difference between chemical and electrical synapses?

Accepted Answer

Chemical synapses use neurotransmitters to transmit signals across the synaptic cleft.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of the phrenic nerve?

Accepted Answer

Controls the diaphragm for breathing.

Question 20

A patient is unable to dorsiflex the foot and has numbness over the lateral leg. Which nerve is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Common fibular (peroneal) nerve

Comprehensive Study Notes: The Nervous System (Structure, Function, and Organization)

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