Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) in a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of proteins destined for secretion or membrane insertion

Question 2

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur, and what is the significance of this process?

Accepted Answer

S phase; it duplicates the genetic material so each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes

Question 3

A patient suffers a mutation that impairs the function of ribosomes. Which cellular process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis (translation)

Question 4

Which of the following best distinguishes between mitosis and cytokinesis?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis results in two identical nuclei, while cytokinesis splits the cytoplasm to form two separate cells

Question 5

Which of the following is a characteristic of the genetic code?

Accepted Answer

It is universal, with most organisms using the same codons for the same amino acids

Question 6

Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing mRNA during transcription, and what is the main product of this process?

Accepted Answer

RNA polymerase; mRNA

Question 7

A mutation prevents the production of tRNA in a cell. Which step of gene expression would be most directly impaired?

Accepted Answer

Translation

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of the Golgi apparatus in a pancreatic cell actively secreting insulin?

Accepted Answer

It modifies, sorts, and packages insulin for secretion

Question 9

Which type of epithelial tissue would you expect to find lining the alveoli of the lungs, and why?

Accepted Answer

Simple squamous epithelium; to facilitate rapid gas exchange

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands secrete their products onto epithelial surfaces via ducts

Question 11

Which connective tissue type is most specialized for storing triglycerides, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Adipose tissue; energy storage and insulation

Question 12

A patient suffers a spinal cord injury that damages the neuroglia but not the neurons. Which function is most likely to be impaired?

Accepted Answer

Support, protection, and nourishment of neurons

Question 13

Which membrane lines body cavities that open to the exterior, such as the digestive and respiratory tracts?

Accepted Answer

Mucous membrane

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why cardiac muscle tissue cannot regenerate effectively after injury?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac muscle cells have limited ability to divide and are replaced mainly by scar tissue

Question 15

Which of the following is a key difference between skeletal and smooth muscle tissue?

Accepted Answer

Skeletal muscle is striated and multinucleated, while smooth muscle is non-striated and uninucleated

Question 16

A tissue sample is observed to have cells with abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and a prominent Golgi apparatus. Which function is this tissue most likely specialized for?

Accepted Answer

Secretion of proteins

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the process of translation in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Assembling amino acids into a polypeptide chain at the ribosome using mRNA as a template

Question 18

Which of the following is a characteristic function of epithelial tissue?

Accepted Answer

Absorption, secretion, and protection

Question 19

During tissue repair, which tissue type is most likely to regenerate completely and restore normal function?

Accepted Answer

Epithelial tissue

Question 20

A patient has a genetic disorder that prevents the formation of microvilli on intestinal epithelial cells. Which physiological process would be most directly impaired?

Accepted Answer

Absorption of nutrients

Cytology and Histology: Study Guide for ANP Exam 2

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