Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between necrosis and apoptosis in cells?

Accepted Answer

Necrosis is an uncontrolled cell death due to injury, while apoptosis is a regulated, programmed cell death.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a function of the plasma membrane in a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizing proteins for export from the cell

Question 3

A researcher observes a tissue sample with cells that have multiple layers and flat, scale-like appearance. Which type of epithelial tissue is most likely being observed?

Accepted Answer

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 4

Which cell junction type is primarily responsible for preventing the passage of substances between adjacent epithelial cells?

Accepted Answer

Tight junctions

Question 5

Which connective tissue type is characterized by a gel-like ground substance and contains fibroblasts, collagen, and elastic fibers, providing support and flexibility?

Accepted Answer

Areolar connective tissue

Question 6

Which organelle is the primary site of ATP production in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why glycolysis yields less ATP than cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Glycolysis only partially oxidizes glucose, while cellular respiration fully oxidizes glucose to $$CO_2$$ and $$H_2O.$$

Question 8

Which equation correctly represents the overall process of aerobic cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

$$C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + ATP$$

Question 9

Which of the following statements about enzymes is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes are specific to their substrates due to the shape of their active site.

Question 10

A mutation causes a cell to lose its gap junctions. Which function would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Cell-to-cell communication and passage of ions

Question 11

Which of the following is a catabolic reaction?

Accepted Answer

Breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol

Question 12

Which tissue type is responsible for voluntary movement in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Skeletal muscle tissue

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?

Accepted Answer

Modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of the glycocalyx on the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Facilitating cell recognition and communication

Question 15

Which of the following statements about ATP is correct?

Accepted Answer

ATP stores energy in the bonds between its phosphate groups, which is released when ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP.

Question 16

Which of the following is a major difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands secrete substances through ducts to an epithelial surface.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the second law of thermodynamics as it applies to metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Every energy transfer increases the entropy of the universe.

Question 18

Which process occurs at the ribosome during gene expression?

Accepted Answer

Translation of mRNA to protein

Question 19

A patient has a genetic defect in collagen production. Which tissue type would be most affected?

Accepted Answer

Connective tissue

Cytology, Histology, & Metabolism: Structured Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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