Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the villi and microvilli in the small intestine?

Accepted Answer

They increase the surface area to enhance nutrient absorption.

Question 2

A patient presents with a peptic ulcer that has damaged the mucosal barrier of the stomach. Which of the following is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of stomach wall erosion due to gastric acid.

Question 3

Which of the following enzymes is secreted by the pancreas and is responsible for digesting proteins in the small intestine?

Accepted Answer

Trypsin

Question 4

Which of the following best distinguishes peristalsis from segmentation in the digestive tract?

Accepted Answer

Peristalsis propels food forward, while segmentation mixes food without net movement.

Question 5

A patient with chronic kidney disease is unable to adequately excrete hydrogen ions. What acid-base disorder are they most at risk for developing?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis

Question 6

Which hormone is released in response to high blood sodium levels and acts to decrease blood volume and blood pressure by increasing sodium excretion?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 7

Which of the following is a major constituent of normal urine, and which finding would indicate a pathological condition?

Accepted Answer

Urea is normal; glucose in urine indicates pathology.

Question 8

Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for the reabsorption of water and sodium, and is highly influenced by the hormone aldosterone?

Accepted Answer

Distal convoluted tubule

Question 9

A patient is given a loop diuretic. What is the primary effect of this medication on the nephron, and what is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

It inhibits sodium reabsorption in the nephron loop, leading to increased urine output.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why hypotonic hydration (water intoxication) can be dangerous?

Accepted Answer

It causes water to move into cells, leading to cellular swelling and possible lysis.

Question 11

Which of the following equations represents the bicarbonate buffer system in the blood?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{CO_2$ + H_2O \leftrightarrow H_2CO_3 \leftrightarrow H^+ + $$HCO_3$$^-}$$

Question 12

A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has elevated $$\mathrm{P_{CO_2$}}$$ levels. Which acid-base disorder are they most likely to develop?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory acidosis

Question 13

Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the nephron, and what is the effect on urine concentration?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); urine becomes more concentrated.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the three major steps of urine formation in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion

Question 15

Which of the following ions is most abundant in the extracellular fluid and plays a key role in maintaining fluid balance and nerve function?

Accepted Answer

Sodium ($$\mathrm{Na^+})$$

Question 16

A patient is experiencing dehydration. Which of the following changes would you expect in their body fluids?

Accepted Answer

Increased osmolarity of extracellular fluid, causing water to move out of cells.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in calcium regulation?

Accepted Answer

PTH increases blood calcium by stimulating bone resorption and increasing renal reabsorption of calcium.

Question 18

Which of the following is a key difference between physical and chemical digestion?

Accepted Answer

Physical digestion breaks food into smaller pieces without changing chemical structure; chemical digestion breaks bonds to form new molecules.

Question 19

Which of the following scenarios would most likely trigger the release of aldosterone?

Accepted Answer

A decrease in blood sodium levels and blood pressure.

Digestive, Nutrition, Urinary, and Acid-Base Balance: Comprehensive Study Guide

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