Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the enteric nervous system (ENS) in the gastrointestinal tract?

Accepted Answer

It regulates digestive function independently of the central nervous system.

Question 2

A patient presents with excessive urination, dehydration, and glucose detected in the urine. Which metabolic disorder is most likely responsible for these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Question 3

Which hormone is secreted by the pancreas to lower blood glucose levels, and what is its primary mechanism of action?

Accepted Answer

Insulin; it promotes cellular uptake of glucose

Question 4

During the cephalic phase of digestion, which of the following is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Increased gastric acid secretion in response to the sight and smell of food

Question 5

Which of the following best differentiates anabolic from catabolic pathways?

Accepted Answer

Anabolic pathways build complex molecules from simpler ones, while catabolic pathways break down complex molecules.

Question 6

A patient with Type 1 diabetes mellitus is not taking insulin. Which of the following metabolic consequences is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic ketoacidosis

Question 7

Which of the following is a function of the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) during digestion?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the process of gluconeogenesis?

Accepted Answer

The synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors

Question 9

During the intestinal phase of digestion, what happens to the nerve signals sent to the stomach?

Accepted Answer

They are decreased to slow gastric emptying.

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events during the defecation reflex?

Accepted Answer

Stretch receptors in the rectum are activated, leading to relaxation of the internal anal sphincter.

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why bacteria can cause diarrhea?

Accepted Answer

They secrete toxins that increase intestinal secretion and decrease absorption.

Question 12

Which of the following is a primary effect of glucagon?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates glycogen breakdown in the liver to increase blood glucose

Question 13

Which of the following is a feature of metabolic syndrome that increases the risk for cardiovascular disease?

Accepted Answer

Insulin resistance

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of the parietal cell in the stomach?

Accepted Answer

Secretes hydrochloric acid ($$HCl) to $$aid in digestion

Question 15

A patient is fasting for 24 hours. Which hormone is most likely elevated to maintain blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon

Question 16

Which of the following is the correct formula for the process of glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

$$ 	ext{Glucose} + 2\,	ext{NAD}^+ + 2\,	ext{ADP} + 2\,	ext{P}_i ightarrow 2\,	ext{Pyruvate} + 2\,	ext{NADH} + 2\,	ext{ATP} + 2\,	ext{H}_2	ext{O} $$

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct description of peristalsis in the GI tract?

Accepted Answer

Coordinated, wave-like contractions of smooth muscle that propel contents forward

Question 18

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Type 1 is characterized by absolute insulin deficiency, while Type 2 is characterized by insulin resistance.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the effect of secretin on the pancreas?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate-rich fluid

Question 20

Which of the following is the first-line therapy for Type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Lifestyle modification (diet and exercise)

Digestive System and Energy Metabolism: Study Guide for Human Physiology

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