Question 1

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the secretion of gastric acid (HCl) in the stomach during the gastric phase of digestion?

Accepted Answer

Gastrin

Question 2

During the intestinal phase of gastric secretion, which reflex acts to inhibit gastric activity and protect the small intestine from excessive acidity?

Accepted Answer

Enterogastric reflex

Question 3

A patient presents with pain after eating fatty meals and is found to have gallstones. Which physiological process is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Release of bile from the gallbladder

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the role of bile salts in digestion?

Accepted Answer

They emulsify fats, increasing surface area for lipase action

Question 5

Which structural modification of the small intestine is primarily responsible for increasing surface area for nutrient absorption?

Accepted Answer

Plicae circulares (circular folds)

Question 6

A patient with celiac disease experiences malabsorption due to damage of which intestinal structure?

Accepted Answer

Villi of the small intestine

Question 7

Which equation correctly represents the neutralization of acidic chyme by pancreatic bicarbonate in the duodenum?

Accepted Answer

$\mathrm{HCO_3^-} + \mathrm{H^+} \rightarrow \mathrm{H_2CO_3} \rightarrow \mathrm{CO_2} + \mathrm{H_2O}$

Question 8

Which of the following is a consequence of excessive alcohol intake on gastric function?

Accepted Answer

Gastritis leading to acid-base imbalance (alkalosis)

Question 9

Which reflex is responsible for moving the contents of the small intestine into the large intestine when food enters the stomach?

Accepted Answer

Gastroileal reflex

Question 10

Which cells set the basic electrical rhythm for gastric contractile activity?

Accepted Answer

Interstitial cells of Cajal

Question 11

A patient with obstructive jaundice is most likely to have a blockage in which structure?

Accepted Answer

Common bile duct

Question 12

Which hormone is released in response to fatty acids and acidic chyme in the duodenum, stimulating contraction of the gallbladder and release of pancreatic enzymes?

Accepted Answer

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 13

Which process is essential for the formation of feces and involves the absorption of water and electrolytes in the large intestine?

Accepted Answer

Compaction

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of the bacterial flora in the large intestine?

Accepted Answer

Production of vitamin K and B vitamins

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why the pH of the small intestine is alkaline?

Accepted Answer

Release of bicarbonate ions from the pancreas

Question 16

Which equation represents the relationship between pH and hydrogen ion concentration in the stomach?

Accepted Answer

$\mathrm{pH} = -\log_{10}[\mathrm{H^+}]$

Question 17

Which of the following is a likely consequence of diverticulitis in the sigmoid colon?

Accepted Answer

Peritonitis due to leakage of bacteria

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of the external anal sphincter during defecation?

Accepted Answer

It relaxes voluntarily to allow passage of feces

Question 19

Which of the following is a common precipitating factor for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

Accepted Answer

Stress

Question 20

Which process involves the contraction of the diaphragm and abdominal wall muscles to increase intra-abdominal pressure during defecation?

Accepted Answer

Valsalva's maneuver

Digestive System: Regulation and Function (Part Two)

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