Q: Which equation correctly represents the chemical reaction catalyzed by pancreatic amylase in the small intestine?

$$ \text{Starch} + \text{H}_2\text{O} \rightarrow \text{Maltose} $$

Q: A patient takes antacids containing calcium carbonate to relieve heartburn. What is the chemical equation for the neutralization reaction occurring in the stomach?

$$ \text{CaCO}_3 + 2\text{HCl} \rightarrow \text{CaCl}_2 + \text{CO}_2 + \text{H}_2\text{O} $$

Question 1

Which layer of the digestive tract is primarily responsible for absorption of nutrients, and what structural feature enhances its function?

Accepted Answer

The mucosa; its villi and microvilli increase surface area for absorption

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the role of the accessory organs in the digestive system?

Accepted Answer

They secrete enzymes and other substances that aid in chemical digestion

Question 3

A patient is unable to digest fats efficiently. Which accessory organ is most likely malfunctioning, and what is the primary substance it produces for fat digestion?

Accepted Answer

Liver; produces bile

Question 4

Which macromolecule is first chemically digested in the mouth, and which enzyme is responsible?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrates; amylase

Question 5

During a meal, the stomach secretes hydrochloric acid. What is the primary function of this acid in digestion?

Accepted Answer

To activate pepsinogen into pepsin for protein digestion

Question 6

Which equation correctly represents the chemical reaction catalyzed by pancreatic amylase in the small intestine?

Accepted Answer

$$ 	ext{Starch} + 	ext{H}_2	ext{O} ightarrow 	ext{Maltose} $$

Question 7

A patient takes antacids containing calcium carbonate to relieve heartburn. What is the chemical equation for the neutralization reaction occurring in the stomach?

Accepted Answer

$$ 	ext{CaCO}_3 + 2	ext{HCl} ightarrow 	ext{CaCl}_2 + 	ext{CO}_2 + 	ext{H}_2	ext{O} $$

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why the stomach lining is not digested by its own acid and enzymes?

Accepted Answer

A thick layer of mucus protects the epithelial cells from acid and enzymes

Question 9

Which process in the small intestine is responsible for moving nutrients from the lumen into the blood, and what is the main driving force?

Accepted Answer

Absorption; concentration gradients across epithelial cells

Question 10

A patient with a deficiency in bile production will have difficulty digesting which macromolecule, and what is the physiological consequence?

Accepted Answer

Lipids; fatty stools (steatorrhea)

Question 11

Which enzyme is secreted in an inactive form and activated by the acidic environment of the stomach?

Accepted Answer

Pepsinogen

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver in digestion?

Accepted Answer

Secretion of digestive enzymes into the stomach

Question 13

A patient is diagnosed with lactose intolerance. Which enzyme is deficient, and what is the result of consuming dairy products?

Accepted Answer

Lactase; undigested lactose causes bloating and diarrhea

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the process of peristalsis in the digestive tract?

Accepted Answer

Rhythmic contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle to propel food forward

Question 15

Which equation represents the hydrolysis of a peptide bond during protein digestion?

Accepted Answer

$$ 	ext{Peptide} + 	ext{H}_2	ext{O} ightarrow 	ext{Amino acids} $$

Question 16

Which of the following statements about the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine is correct?

Accepted Answer

Villi and microvilli increase the surface area for absorption

Question 17

A patient has a blockage in the pancreatic duct. Which digestive process will be most affected?

Accepted Answer

Chemical digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in the small intestine

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events for the digestion and absorption of dietary fats?

Accepted Answer

Emulsification by bile, hydrolysis by lipase, absorption into lymphatic vessels

Question 19

Which of the following is a by-product of the neutralization of stomach acid by sodium bicarbonate ($$ 	ext{NaHCO}_3 $$)?

Accepted Answer

$$ 	ext{CO}_2 $$

lecture 11

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