Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of chordae tendineae and papillary muscles in cardiac valve function?

Accepted Answer

They prevent the atrioventricular valves from inverting into the atria during ventricular contraction.

Question 2

A patient presents with acute shortness of breath, hypotension, jugular venous distension, and muffled heart sounds. Echocardiogram reveals rapid accumulation of pericardial fluid. Which pathophysiologic mechanism is most responsible for the decreased cardiac output in this scenario?

Accepted Answer

Compression of the ventricles limiting diastolic filling (cardiac tamponade).

Question 3

Which of the following equations correctly represents cardiac output ($$CO) $$and its relationship to heart rate ($$HR) $$and stroke volume ($$SV$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 4

A patient with left-sided heart failure is most likely to present with which of the following clinical manifestations?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary congestion, dyspnea, and orthopnea.

Question 5

Which compensatory mechanism is activated in heart failure to increase preload and afterload, but may ultimately worsen myocardial function due to increased oxygen demand?

Accepted Answer

Frank-Starling mechanism.

Question 6

A patient with aortic stenosis is most likely to develop which type of ventricular remodeling?

Accepted Answer

Concentric hypertrophy due to pressure overload.

Question 7

Which of the following best defines ejection fraction ($$EF) $$and its calculation?

Accepted Answer

$$EF = \dfrac{SV}{LVEDV}$$

Question 8

Which laboratory finding is most consistent with a diagnosis of heart failure?

Accepted Answer

BNP \u003e 500 pg/mL

Question 9

Which of the following is the most common cause of acute pericarditis?

Accepted Answer

Viral infection (e.g., coxsackievirus)

Question 10

A patient with mitral regurgitation due to papillary muscle dysfunction is likely to experience which of the following hemodynamic changes?

Accepted Answer

Increased left atrial pressure and decreased cardiac output.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the difference between systolic and diastolic heart failure?

Accepted Answer

Diastolic heart failure is characterized by impaired ventricular filling and preserved ejection fraction.

Question 12

Which of the following conditions is most likely to increase preload?

Accepted Answer

Sodium and water retention due to RAAS activation

Question 13

A patient with right-sided heart failure is most likely to present with which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Peripheral edema and ascites

Question 14

Which of the following mechanisms is responsible for the release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in heart failure?

Accepted Answer

Volume overload in the atria and ventricles

Question 15

Which of the following is a cardinal sign of cardiac tamponade?

Accepted Answer

Pulsus paradoxus (decreased pulse pressure during inspiration)

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the effect of increased afterload on cardiac output ($$CO$$), assuming contractility and preload remain constant?

Accepted Answer

$$CO$$ decreases

Question 17

Which of the following is the primary effect of beta-1 adrenergic receptor activation in the heart?

Accepted Answer

Increased heart rate and contractility

Question 18

Which of the following is the most likely consequence of chronic mitral stenosis?

Accepted Answer

Right-sided heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension

Question 19

Which of the following treatments is most appropriate for acute pericarditis?

Accepted Answer

NSAIDs and colchicine

Disorders of Cardiac Function: Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide

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