Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between endocrine and paracrine signaling?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine signaling involves hormones released into the blood to act on distant tissues, while paracrine signaling involves hormones acting on adjacent tissues.

Question 2

A patient presents with an enlarged adrenal gland due to prolonged stimulation. Which process best explains this enlargement?

Accepted Answer

Hyperfunction leading to hyperplasia or neoplasia

Question 3

Which hormone is secreted by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex?

Accepted Answer

Cortisone

Question 4

Which of the following is a correct sequence for peptide hormone synthesis and release?

Accepted Answer

mRNA translation → prohormone formation → packaging in secretory vesicles → exocytosis

Question 5

Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary and acts on nonendocrine tissues?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Question 6

A researcher is studying a hormone that acts on the same cell that secreted it. What type of signaling is this?

Accepted Answer

Autocrine

Question 7

Which of the following equations best represents the negative feedback regulation of hormone secretion?

Accepted Answer

$H_{output} = H_{input} - f(H_{output})$

Question 8

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the production of red blood cells in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin

Question 9

A patient with a tumor in the anterior pituitary is likely to have abnormal levels of which hormone?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone (GH)

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of hormone receptors in target cell response?

Accepted Answer

Only cells with specific receptors for the hormone will respond.

Question 11

Which hormone is secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of the hypothalamus in endocrine regulation?

Accepted Answer

Secretes hormones that regulate metabolism and reproduction

Question 13

A patient with hyperfunctioning peripheral endocrine glands is most likely experiencing which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Physical enlargement of the glands

Question 14

Which hormone is secreted by the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex?

Accepted Answer

Sex steroids (estrogens, androgens)

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the action of neurohormones?

Accepted Answer

They are released by neurons into the blood for action at distant targets.

Question 16

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating milk production in the mammary glands?

Accepted Answer

Prolactin

Question 17

Which of the following is a plausible consequence of prolonged hyperstimulation of an endocrine gland?

Accepted Answer

Hyperfunction and physical enlargement

Question 18

Which equation best represents the relationship between hormone concentration ($[H]$) and receptor binding ($R$) in a target cell?

Accepted Answer

$R = k 	imes [H]$

Question 19

Which hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary and stimulates the thyroid gland?

Accepted Answer

Thyrotropic hormone (TSH)

Question 20

A patient is found to have a deficiency in follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Which physiological process is most likely to be affected?

Accepted Answer

Sperm production and secondary sex characteristics

A: Endocrine System

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