Question 1

Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which steroid hormones exert their action on target cells?

Accepted Answer

They diffuse through the plasma membrane and bind to intracellular receptors, altering gene expression.

Question 2

A patient is diagnosed with hypocalcemia. Which hormone is most likely to be elevated in response to this condition, and what is its primary action?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); increases calcium release from bones

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why blood is classified as a connective tissue?

Accepted Answer

It has cells suspended in a nonliving extracellular matrix (plasma).

Question 4

A patient receives a transfusion of mismatched blood. What is the primary danger associated with this event?

Accepted Answer

The recipient's immune system attacks the donor's red blood cells, causing agglutination and hemolysis.

Question 5

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating milk production in the mammary glands?

Accepted Answer

Prolactin

Question 6

A patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus is most likely to have which of the following characteristics?

Accepted Answer

Insulin resistance in target tissues

Question 7

Which of the following is the major target tissue for growth hormone (GH)?

Accepted Answer

Liver, bones, and skeletal muscles

Question 8

Aldosterone primarily acts on which organ to regulate which ion?

Accepted Answer

Kidneys; sodium ($$\mathrm{Na^+})$$

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the process of upregulation of hormone receptors?

Accepted Answer

An increase in the number of receptors in response to low hormone levels

Question 10

A high count of neutrophils in a patient's blood sample most likely indicates which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A bacterial infection

Question 11

Which of the following is the primary source of red blood cells (RBCs) in adult humans?

Accepted Answer

Red bone marrow

Question 12

Which hormone is produced by the heart and helps to lower blood pressure by promoting sodium excretion?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 13

A patient is experiencing severe blood loss (hemorrhage). Which of the following is a likely immediate physiological response?

Accepted Answer

Increased heart rate and vasoconstriction

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why lipids are found traveling in the plasma of the blood?

Accepted Answer

Lipids are transported by binding to plasma proteins called lipoproteins.

Question 15

Which of the following is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

Iodine

Question 16

Which blood type is generally considered the universal donor, and why?

Accepted Answer

Type O; it has no A or B antigens on the red blood cells

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of the heart valves?

Accepted Answer

To ensure unidirectional flow of blood through the heart

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the action of colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) in the body?

Accepted Answer

They stimulate the production and differentiation of various types of white blood cells.

Question 19

A patient has a mutation that prevents the synthesis of albumin. Which of the following is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Decreased plasma osmotic pressure, leading to edema

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of glucocorticoids in the stress response?

Accepted Answer

They increase blood glucose levels by promoting gluconeogenesis and suppressing the immune response.

Endocrine, Blood, and Cardiovascular System Review – Step-by-Step Study Guidance

Study Guide - Practice Questions