Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between peptide and steroid hormones in terms of their mechanism of action?

Accepted Answer

Peptide hormones bind to cell surface receptors and typically require second messengers, while steroid hormones bind to intracellular receptors and directly affect gene transcription.

Question 2

Erythropoietin (EPO) is produced by the kidneys and acts primarily on which type of cells?

Accepted Answer

Bone marrow cells

Question 3

Which of the following characteristics is TRUE for peptide hormones such as growth hormone and EPO?

Accepted Answer

They require a receptor on the cell surface to exert their effects.

Question 4

Which of the following is a likely effect of exogenous EPO administration in an athlete?

Accepted Answer

Increased production of red blood cells from the bone marrow

Question 5

If a drug test is performed 6 hours after Lance Armstrong took cortisone, testosterone, growth hormone, and EPO, which drug(s) would most likely be detected?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone

Question 6

Which of the following statements about steroid hormones such as cortisone and testosterone is correct?

Accepted Answer

They require binding to a protein to travel through the blood.

Question 7

What would be the effect of flutamide contamination in a batch of exogenous testosterone taken by an athlete?

Accepted Answer

It would decrease the effects of testosterone.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of an antagonist in hormone signalling?

Accepted Answer

An antagonist binds to a receptor and blocks activation of the signalling pathway.

Question 9

Downregulation of hormone receptors is most likely to occur under which condition?

Accepted Answer

Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the hormone

Question 10

Which of the following equations correctly represents the relationship between hormone concentration ($[H]$), receptor number ($R$), and cellular response ($CR$)?

Accepted Answer

$CR = [H] 	imes R$

Question 11

A patient is given a receptor antagonist for a hormone. What is the expected effect on the hormone’s signalling pathway?

Accepted Answer

The pathway will be blocked and cellular response will decrease.

Question 12

Which of the following is a common misconception about peptide hormones?

Accepted Answer

They can cross the cell membrane without a receptor.

Question 13

Which hormone would require secretion in larger concentrations to exert its effect due to its short half-life?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of steroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

They require second messengers for their action.

Question 15

If an athlete’s testosterone receptors are occupied due to exogenous testosterone use, this is an example of which phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

Receptor competition

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why retrieval practice is effective for long-term learning?

Accepted Answer

It strengthens and restructures neuronal pathways, consolidating learned content into long-term memory.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct application of the concept of antagonists in hormone signalling?

Accepted Answer

An antagonist binds to a receptor and prevents activation of the signalling pathway.

Question 18

Which of the following would most likely occur if a patient is given a high dose of exogenous hormone over a long period?

Accepted Answer

Downregulation of hormone receptors

Question 19

Which of the following is a real-world consequence of using performance-enhancing drugs like EPO in athletes?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of blood clots due to higher red blood cell count

Question 20

Which of the following is the best strategy for effective retrieval practice according to the provided materials?

Accepted Answer

Actively testing yourself and making connections between concepts

Endocrine Physiology: Hormones, Cellular Communication, and Case Study Applications

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