Q: Which of the following equations best represents the conversion of ATP to cAMP by adenylate cyclase in nonsteroid hormone action?

$ATP \xrightarrow{\text{adenylate cyclase}} cAMP + PP_i$

Question 1

Which of the following best explains why the effects of the endocrine system are generally longer-lasting than those of the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream and can affect target cells for minutes to days.

Question 2

A patient presents with symptoms of muscle weakness, low blood sodium, and low blood pressure. Laboratory tests reveal decreased secretion of adrenal cortex hormones. Which disorder is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Addison's disease

Question 3

Which hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary and stimulates the thyroid gland to release its hormones?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 4

A person with hyperparathyroidism is likely to experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Elevated blood calcium levels

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for steroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

They diffuse through the cell membrane, bind to intracellular receptors, and activate specific genes in the DNA.

Question 6

Which hormone is responsible for lowering blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 7

A patient is experiencing excessive thirst and frequent urination. Laboratory results show a deficiency in antidiuretic hormone (ADH). What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes insipidus

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of negative feedback in hormone regulation?

Accepted Answer

Increased blood glucose stimulates insulin release, which lowers blood glucose and inhibits further insulin secretion.

Question 9

Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

Question 10

A patient with an iodine deficiency is most likely to develop which thyroid disorder?

Accepted Answer

Goiter

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of paracrine signaling?

Accepted Answer

It affects only neighboring cells in the extracellular space.

Question 12

Which hormone is released in response to low blood calcium levels and acts to increase blood calcium?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 13

A patient with Cushing's syndrome is likely to have which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Increased fat deposition in the face and upper back

Question 14

Which of the following equations best represents the conversion of ATP to cAMP by adenylate cyclase in nonsteroid hormone action?

Accepted Answer

$ATP \xrightarrow{	ext{adenylate cyclase}} cAMP + PP_i$

Question 15

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during childbirth?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Question 16

A person with a tumor in the anterior pituitary that causes excess growth hormone secretion during adulthood will most likely develop:

Accepted Answer

Acromegaly

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of aldosterone?

Accepted Answer

Conserves sodium and increases blood pressure

Question 18

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland and helps regulate sleep-wake cycles?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 19

A patient with Type 1 diabetes mellitus is most likely to have which of the following characteristics?

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the difference between autocrine and paracrine signaling?

Accepted Answer

Autocrine signals affect the same cell that secreted them, while paracrine signals affect neighboring cells.

Endocrine System: Anatomy & Physiology Study Notes

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