Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a way the hypothalamus regulates the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

By secreting digestive enzymes into the bloodstream

Question 2

A simple endocrine reflex involves which sequence of events?

Accepted Answer

Stimulus → Endocrine cell → Hormone release → Target cell → Response

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the vascular connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)?

Accepted Answer

Portal blood vessels forming the hypophyseal portal system

Question 4

Which hormone would you prescribe to a patient with a poison ivy rash, and what is its mechanism of action?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol; suppresses immune response and decreases inflammation

Question 5

Which of the following is a tropic hormone produced by the adenohypophysis?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 6

Thyroid hormones are synthesized and stored in the follicles by which process?

Accepted Answer

Active transport of iodine and attachment to tyrosine residues in thyroglobulin

Question 7

A patient presents with low sodium concentration and low blood pressure. Which adrenal hormone is most likely being secreted to correct this imbalance?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the transport of thyroid hormones in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Bound to plasma proteins such as thyroxine-binding globulin

Question 9

Which equation best represents the regulation of plasma calcium concentration by calcitonin (CT) and parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Accepted Answer

$$[Ca$$^{2+}$$]_{plasma} \propto PTH - CT$$

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct sequence for a complex endocrine reflex involving the thyroid gland?

Accepted Answer

Stimulus → Hypothalamus → TRH → Anterior pituitary → TSH → Thyroid gland → T3/T4 → Target cells

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the binding of thyroid hormones to intracellular receptors and the resulting cellular response?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid hormones enter the cell, bind to nuclear receptors, and alter gene transcription

Question 12

Which layer of the adrenal gland is responsible for producing mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone?

Accepted Answer

Zona glomerulosa

Question 13

A patient has been fasting for 20 hours. Which pancreatic hormone is secreted in response to low plasma nutrient levels?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon

Question 14

Which of the following is an exocrine function of the pancreas?

Accepted Answer

Release of digestive enzymes into the duodenum

Question 15

Which equation best represents the endocrine reflex for insulin secretion in response to high blood glucose?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{High } [Glucose]_{plasma} ightarrow 	ext{Insulin}_{secretion} ightarrow 	ext{Glucose uptake}_{cells}$$

Question 16

Melatonin can help with insomnia by which mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Regulating circadian rhythms and promoting sleep onset

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the anatomy of the thyroid gland?

Accepted Answer

Composed of follicles filled with colloid and surrounded by follicular cells

Question 18

Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct multi-step endocrine reflex for glucocorticoid secretion?

Accepted Answer

Stress → Hypothalamus → CRH → Anterior pituitary → ACTH → Adrenal cortex → Cortisol → Target cells

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT an endocrine function of the pancreas?

Accepted Answer

Secretion of digestive enzymes

Endocrine System: Anatomy, Physiology, and Hormonal Regulation

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