Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between the nervous and endocrine systems in terms of how they control body functions?

Accepted Answer

The nervous system uses electrical and chemical signals for rapid, short-term responses, while the endocrine system uses hormones for slower, long-term regulation.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a pure endocrine organ?

Accepted Answer

Pancreas

Question 3

A patient presents with low blood calcium levels. Which hormone is most likely to be secreted in response, and by which gland?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the parathyroid gland

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why target cells respond to specific hormones?

Accepted Answer

Target cells have specific hormone receptors that bind only certain hormones.

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of negative feedback in endocrine regulation?

Accepted Answer

Increased blood glucose stimulates insulin release, which lowers blood glucose, reducing further insulin secretion.

Question 6

Which hormone is produced by the beta cells of the pancreas, and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Insulin; lowers blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake of glucose

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which the hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary gland?

Accepted Answer

By releasing hormones into the hypophyseal portal system

Question 8

A patient with diabetes insipidus is most likely to have a deficiency in which hormone, and what is the main effect?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); inability to concentrate urine, leading to excessive water loss

Question 9

Which of the following is a steroid hormone derived from cholesterol?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of the adrenal medulla in the stress response?

Accepted Answer

It releases epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to sympathetic stimulation.

Question 11

Which mineral is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

Iodine

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of humoral stimulus for hormone secretion?

Accepted Answer

Low blood calcium stimulating parathyroid hormone release

Question 13

Which hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary and stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Question 14

A patient has high blood glucose levels after a meal. Which sequence best describes the negative feedback mechanism that restores homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

High blood glucose → pancreas releases insulin → cells take up glucose → blood glucose decreases

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of calcium (Ca$$^{2+}) in $$the body?

Accepted Answer

All of the above

Question 16

Which hormone is released in response to low blood oxygen levels and stimulates red blood cell production?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the effect of water-soluble hormones on target cells?

Accepted Answer

They bind to receptors on the cell surface and activate second messenger systems.

Question 18

Which hormone is secreted by the heart and acts to lower blood pressure by increasing sodium excretion?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback mechanism in the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin release during childbirth increasing uterine contractions

Question 20

A patient with a tumor destroying the anterior pituitary would most likely experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Decreased secretion of growth hormone, leading to stunted growth

Endocrine System: Anatomy, Physiology, and Regulation

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