Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands release their products through ducts to external or internal surfaces.

Question 2

A patient presents with symptoms of hyperthyroidism. Which hormone is most likely being oversecreted, and what is a common effect of this condition?

Accepted Answer

Thyroxine ($T_4$); increased metabolic rate and weight loss.

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback mechanism in the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

High blood glucose stimulates insulin release, which lowers blood glucose, reducing further insulin secretion.

Question 4

Which hormone uses cyclic AMP ($cAMP$) as a second messenger to exert its effects on target cells?

Accepted Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 5

A patient with diabetes insipidus is unable to concentrate urine. Which hormone is deficient, and what is its primary target organ?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); kidneys

Question 6

Which of the following best explains the role of heparin in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Heparin acts as an anticoagulant by inhibiting thrombin and preventing clot formation.

Question 7

A blood sample contains 45% red blood cells, 54% plasma, and 1% white blood cells and platelets. What is the hematocrit value?

Accepted Answer

$45\%$

Question 8

Which leukocyte is most abundant in human blood and is primarily responsible for phagocytosis of bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophil

Question 9

A patient receives a transfusion of type A blood but is type B. What is the most likely immediate consequence?

Accepted Answer

Hemolytic transfusion reaction due to anti-A antibodies attacking donor RBCs.

Question 10

Which hormone is released in response to low blood calcium levels, and what is its effect?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); increases blood calcium by stimulating bone resorption.

Question 11

Which of the following is a function of plasma proteins such as albumin?

Accepted Answer

Maintaining osmotic pressure and transporting substances in the blood.

Question 12

A patient with aplastic anemia has a deficiency in which blood component, and what is the primary cause?

Accepted Answer

All formed elements; failure of bone marrow to produce blood cells.

Question 13

Which hormone stimulates the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex?

Accepted Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the cooperative binding of oxygen to hemoglobin?

Accepted Answer

Binding of one oxygen molecule increases the affinity of hemoglobin for additional oxygen molecules.

Question 15

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during childbirth?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin (OT)

Question 16

A patient with Addison's disease has insufficient production of which hormone, and what is a common symptom?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol; fatigue and low blood pressure.

Question 17

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation

Question 18

Which hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary and stimulates gamete production in the ovaries and testes?

Accepted Answer

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 19

A patient with hemolytic anemia is most likely experiencing which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Destruction of red blood cells leading to decreased oxygen-carrying capacity.

Question 20

Which hormone is released in response to high blood glucose and acts to lower it?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Endocrine System and Blood: Key Concepts in Anatomy & Physiology

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