Question 1

Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which steroid hormones exert their effects on target cells?

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormones bind to cytoplasmic receptors and directly activate genes by entering the nucleus.

Question 2

A patient presents with excessive urination and increased thirst. Laboratory tests reveal low levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Which condition is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes insipidus

Question 3

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the release of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 4

During a severe allergic reaction, which type of leukocyte would you expect to be elevated in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Eosinophil

Question 5

Which of the following best explains the role of erythropoietin in blood cell production?

Accepted Answer

It stimulates the production of erythrocytes in response to low oxygen levels.

Question 6

A patient with myxedema is likely to present with which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Physical and mental sluggishness, fatigue, cold, dry skin

Question 7

Which of the following equations correctly represents the key conversion in the clotting cascade?

Accepted Answer

$$prothrombin \rightarrow thrombin \rightarrow fibrin$$

Question 8

Which hormone is released in response to high blood calcium levels and acts to decrease those levels?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin

Question 9

A person with blood type AB can receive blood from which of the following types?

Accepted Answer

All blood types (A, B, AB, O)

Question 10

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the Rh factor in blood transfusions?

Accepted Answer

Rh- mothers carrying Rh+ babies may develop antibodies that attack the baby's RBCs in subsequent pregnancies.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the function of neutrophils?

Accepted Answer

They are the first responders to infection and phagocytize bacteria and debris.

Question 12

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating milk production after childbirth?

Accepted Answer

Prolactin (PRL)

Question 13

A patient with Cushing's syndrome is likely to exhibit which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids, moon face, buffalo hump, high BP

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct description of the second messenger system used by water-soluble hormones?

Accepted Answer

Hormone binds to membrane receptor, activates intracellular signaling cascade (e.g., cAMP), and alters cellular function.

Question 15

Which of the following blood cell types is most abundant in human blood?

Accepted Answer

Erythrocytes

Question 16

A patient with Addison's disease is likely to have which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Hyposecretion of all adrenal cortex hormones, muscle weakness, bronze skin tone, weak immune system

Question 17

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the formation of a blood clot after vessel injury?

Accepted Answer

Vascular spasm → platelet plug formation → coagulation

Question 18

Which hormone is released by the posterior pituitary and causes water reabsorption in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of platelets in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Initiate clotting by forming a temporary plug at the site of injury

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of lymphoid stem cells in hematopoiesis?

Accepted Answer

They produce lymphocytes (B and T cells).

Endocrine System and Blood: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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