Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary difference between protein-based and steroid-based hormones in terms of their mechanism of action?

Accepted Answer

Protein-based hormones bind to cell surface receptors, activating second messengers, while steroid-based hormones diffuse through the membrane to bind intracellular receptors.

Question 2

A patient presents with high blood glucose levels, frequent urination, and excessive thirst. Laboratory tests reveal low insulin levels. Which endocrine gland is most likely malfunctioning, and what is the primary hormone involved?

Accepted Answer

Pancreas; insulin

Question 3

Which hormone is produced by the adrenal medulla and is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 4

The hypothalamus communicates with the anterior pituitary via which structure, and what is the significance of this connection?

Accepted Answer

Hypophyseal portal system; allows regulatory hormones to reach the anterior pituitary directly

Question 5

Which hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity and increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 6

A patient is diagnosed with Addison’s disease, which is characterized by insufficient production of hormones from the adrenal cortex. Which hormone deficiency is most likely to cause low blood sodium and high potassium levels?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the permissive effect in hormone interactions?

Accepted Answer

One hormone must be present for another hormone to exert its full effect.

Question 8

During the alarm phase of the stress response, which hormone is primarily released, and what is its main effect?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine; increases heart rate and energy availability

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of hormones

Question 10

A patient with a hematocrit of 25% is most likely suffering from which condition?

Accepted Answer

Anemia

Question 11

Which plasma protein is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Albumin

Question 12

Which sequence correctly outlines the steps of hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation

Question 13

Which nutrient is essential for the synthesis of prothrombin during coagulation?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin K

Question 14

A person with type AB+ blood can safely receive which of the following blood types in a transfusion?

Accepted Answer

All ABO and Rh types (universal recipient)

Question 15

Which white blood cell type is primarily responsible for producing antibodies?

Accepted Answer

Lymphocytes

Question 16

Which hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary and is responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during childbirth?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Question 17

Which organ has a secondary endocrine function and secretes erythropoietin (EPO) to stimulate red blood cell production?

Accepted Answer

Kidneys

Question 18

A patient with a deficiency in intrinsic factor is unable to absorb vitamin B12, leading to decreased red blood cell production. This condition is known as:

Accepted Answer

Pernicious anemia

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the movement of white blood cells out of the bloodstream and into tissues?

Accepted Answer

Diapedesis

Question 20

A patient is experiencing symptoms of hyperthyroidism, including weight loss, heat intolerance, and increased heart rate. Which hormone is most likely elevated in this patient?

Accepted Answer

Thyroxine (T4)

Endocrine System & Blood: Study Guide for Human Anatomy and Physiology II

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