$$TRH \rightarrow TSH \rightarrow T_3$/T_4$ \rightarrow \text{inhibition of TRH and TSH}$$

$$\text{Cortisol} \rightarrow \text{Gluconeogenesis} \rightarrow \uparrow \text{Blood Glucose}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes a hormone's general action on its target cell?

Accepted Answer

It binds to specific receptors and initiates a cellular response.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a basic way hormones act on their target cells?

Accepted Answer

Directly changing DNA sequence

Question 3

A patient presents with symptoms of Cushing's disease. Which hormone is most likely elevated, and what is the primary effect on metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Elevated cortisol; increased gluconeogenesis

Question 4

Which equation best represents the negative feedback mechanism regulating thyroid hormone levels?

Accepted Answer

$$TRH ightarrow TSH ightarrow T_3$/T_4$ ightarrow 	ext{inhibition of TRH and TSH}$$

Question 5

Which hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary and stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol?

Accepted Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 6

A patient with Addison's disease is likely to have which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Hypotension and hypoglycemia

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the difference between humoral and neural hormone release?

Accepted Answer

Humoral release is triggered by blood levels of ions or nutrients; neural release is triggered by nerve impulses.

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct statement about peptide hormones?

Accepted Answer

They bind to cell surface receptors and activate second messenger systems.

Question 9

Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary and is responsible for water reabsorption in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 10

A patient has low plasma calcium levels. Which hormone is most likely to be secreted in response, and what is its primary action?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); stimulates bone resorption to increase plasma calcium

Question 11

Which of the following best explains the metabolic effect of thyroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

They increase basal metabolic rate and stimulate protein synthesis.

Question 12

Which equation best represents the effect of cortisol on blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Cortisol} ightarrow 	ext{Gluconeogenesis} ightarrow \uparrow 	ext{Blood Glucose}$$

Question 13

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during childbirth?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Question 14

Which of the following is a direct effect of growth hormone (GH) in adults?

Accepted Answer

Increased protein synthesis and fat breakdown

Question 15

A patient with hyperthyroidism is likely to present with which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Weight loss, heat intolerance, and tachycardia

Question 16

Which hormone is secreted in response to high blood glucose and acts to lower it?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct statement about steroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

They bind to intracellular receptors and directly affect gene transcription.

Question 18

Which layer of the adrenal cortex is responsible for secreting aldosterone, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Zona glomerulosa; regulates sodium and potassium balance

Question 19

A patient with low ACTH levels would most likely have which of the following hormonal imbalances?

Accepted Answer

Low cortisol and low aldosterone

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of calcitonin in calcium homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

It decreases plasma calcium by inhibiting bone resorption.

Endocrine System and Hormonal Regulation: Study Guide Notes

Study Guide - Practice Questions